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Period: to
Louis XVIII of France
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Union of Netherlands and Belgium
Created as a defensive barrier against possible french expansion durign the Congress of Vienna. This balance of power created a new enlarged kingdom of the Netherlands composed of the former Dutch Republic and the Austrian netherlands (Belgium) under King William I of the hosue of orange. -
Germanic confederation established
Congress of Vienna created a new league of German states to replace the Napoleonic confederation of the rhine. Composed of 38 soverign states.Austria and Prussia were the two great powers. The confederation had little power since the federal diet required the consent of all member states. Used by Metternich to repress revolutionary movements in german states. -
Period: to
Reform, Reaction, and Revolution: The European States, 1815-1850
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Karlsbad Decrees
Closed Burschenschaften, provided censorship of the press, and placed universities under close supervision. Conservative status quo was maintained. The decrees were in response to the assassination of a reactionary playwright by a student. -
Great Britain.......Peterloo Massacre
Mass protest in response to the rising price of bread due to the Corn Law of 1815.Cavalry put down crowd of 60,000 but it turns violent. Government in resposne restricted large public meetings and spreading pamphlets to the poor. -
Revolts in southern italy and sardinia
Metternich sent Austrian troops to crush the revolts in three italian states. -
Tsar Alexander I
Raised during the ideas of the Englihtenment. He relaxed censorship, freed political prisoners, and reformed edcuation during his rule from 1801-1825. After defeat of Napoleon he became a reactionary and lead a strict government. -
Northern Union
Secret society who aware of the world outside of Russia and felt aleinated by the censorship in universities were upset. Favored constitutional monarchy. -
Decembrist Revolt
December 1825, military leaders of Nothern Union rebelled against the accession of Nicholas. Crushed by troops and leaders executed. -
France.......July Revolution
Response to the July ordinances by Charles X. Barricades went up in Paris as government of moderate, propertied liberals appealed to Louis-Philippe to become the constitutional King of France. Charles X fled to Britain. -
Belgian independence
Catholic Belgium never fully satisfied with merging to protestant dutch. Convince european powers to accept their independence. Leopold of Saxe-Coburg designated the new king and Belgium established a constitutional monarchy. -
Tsar Nicholas I
reactionary who was determined to avoid anyother rebellion in Russia. Strengthed secret police at home but also worked as a policeman of europe to prevent other rebellions abroad. -
Polish Uprising
Revolutionaries try to end Russian control of their country. Fail to get supprot of France and Britain and by September 1831 the rebellion is crushed and oppressive dictatorship established. -
Great Britain........Reform Act
Gave explicit recognition to the changes in British life. The act disfranchised fifty six rotten borughs and granted representation to forty-two new towns and cities. This reapporapriated mroe voice to the new urban centers of life. -
Great Britain........Poor Law
Those unable to support themselves were put into workhouses to experience misewrable living and working conditions. Based on idea that giving to poor aided their laziness and increased the number of paupers. -
Emperor Ferdinand I
Austrian ruler, had made concessiosn to appease the revolutionaries. Survives internal revolutions from nationals to keep autocratic government in control. -
King Charles Albert of Piedmont
Took up the call and assumed the leadership for a war of liberation from Austrian domination. -
Giuseppe Mazzini
Founded young italy in 1831. Set the goal of creating a united Italian republic. Wrote The Duties of Man, urging Italians to dedicate their lvies to the Italian nation. -
Czech Rebels crushed
General Alfred Windischgratz ruthlessly suppressed the revolt. -
Revolution in Germany
Revolutionary cries for German rulers to promise constitutions, free press, jury trials, and other liberal reforms. All german states aloowed elections by universal male suffrage for the German parliament. -
Frankfurt Assembly
German parliament that sought to fulfill a liberal and nationalist dream for a united Germany. Grossdeutsch wanted Austria to be included, Kleindeutsch favored excluding Austria and making Prussian king the emperor. Austria withdrew but assembly was short-lived as Prussian delegates ordered home by FWIII. -
Metternich dismissed
Hungarian liberlas under Louis Kossuth led revolt to want own legislation for Hungarians. Demonstrations in Buda, Prague, and Vienna to Metternich's dismissal. -
Viennese rebels crushed
Death of minister for war at hands of mob gave General Alfred Windischgratz for an attack on Vienna. Radical rebels were crushed.
