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Congress of Racial Equality Founded
Civil Rights: the rights belonging to people to social and political freedom
-CORE was founded in Chicago in 1942 by a group of students
-the fight to end segregation would have never been successful, had it not been for the efforts of the civil rights activists -
Executive Order 9981
Segregation: setting something or someone apart due to a specific quality
- executive order issued on July, 26 1948
- issued by President Harry S. Truman -
First lunch counter sit-in
Jim Crow Laws: Laws enforcing segregation in souther states
Sit-ins: a form of protest where people go somewhere, and refuse to leave until their demands are met
-during the 1960s, sit-ins had nationwide attention
-in april, the blacks organized a boycott of a store with a segregated lunch counter, and eventually many local businesses gave in and joined them -
Integration of Central High School
Little Rock Nine: a group of nine students who were prevented from entering the serrated school
-In 1957, a federal judge ordered public schools in Little Rock, Arkansas, to begin desegregation
-The Little Rock school superintendent, Virgil Blossom, hoped to postpone the change as long as possible -
Brown v. Board of Education Ruling
Thurgood Marshall: was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
-The NAACP's lead attorney, Thurgood Marshall, argued the case
-Most famous piece of evidence was the "doll test" -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Boycott: Withdraw from relations as a punishment or protest
Rosa Parks: A black woman from Montgomery, Alabama who, in 1955, refused to give up her seat on a Montgomery city bus to a white person, in 1955
- in 1955 in montgomery, busses were just as segregated as everywhere else
- a sign that said “People, don't ride the bus today. Don't ride it, for freedom.” was posted at the bus station, and many people in a form of protest, did not ride the bus -
Freedom Rides
Civil disobedience: the refusal to comply with certain laws or to pay taxes and fines, as a peaceful form of political protest
- In late 1962, the Interstate Commerce Commission issued clear rules stating that buses and bus terminals involved in interstate were no longer aloud to be segregated
-1960, the Supreme Court ruled that segregation in interstate transport was illegal. -
Birmingham campaign
SCLC: Souther Christian Leadership Conference
-Birmingham had a history of racist violence
-hardly any public facility allowed blacks and whites to mix -
March on Washington
NAACP: National Association for the Advancement of colored people
- The march was for Jobs and Freedom
-Reffered to as the Great March of Washington -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Plessy v. Ferguson: a Supreme Court case from 1896 that no longer allowed states to pass laws allowing or even requiring racial segregation in public and private institutions such as schools, public transportation, restrooms, and restaurants. -this is sometimes referred to as the Fair Housing act of 1968 -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Disenfranchise: take away the right to vote
- signed into a low on August 6, 1965
- signed by president Lyndon Johnson -
Watts Riot + Kerner Commission
Kerner Commission: the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders established to investigate the causes of the 1967 race riots in the U.S. and to provide recommendations for the future
ghettos: the part of the city, usually the slums, occupied by minority
- also referred to as the Watts Rebellion
- it took place in Los Angeles -
Black panther Party founded
Black power: group of activist that were not focused on nonviolent protesting
SNCC: Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
-blacks and the Nation of Islam were influenced by the leaders Malxcom X, Huey Newton, and Bobby Steale
-were okay with violent
-wanted to make change
-developed a 10 point platform to achieve their goals -
Advocates for Black Nationalism
Nation of Islam: a religious group, also known as Black Muslims who wanted complete separation from white society by creating black businesses, schools, and communities Malcom X: Muslim minister and human rights activist. He has been called one of the greatest and most influential African Americans in history. - -
Civil Rights Act of 1968
Discrimination: The prejudicial treatment towards different types of people or things based on race, sex, age, etc.
- this was a law that put an end to discrimination
- often referred to as the Fair Housing act of 1968 -
Swann v. Charlotte Mecklenburg Board of Education
Desegregation: ending the separation of people by race
-the school district and the black students who are being bussed to the school
-bussing is a way for schools to de-segregate -
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
Affirmative action: favoring people who have suffered from discrimination, especially in relation to education or employment
-The reason why the affirmation act was created was because Johnson thought minorities should given equal opportunities
- the affirmation act is controversial -
Dodgers hire Jackie Robinson
Color line: a barrier that separated whites and blacks
- Jackie Robinson is in the MLB hall of fame
- he was the first black to play in major league baseball
