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Congress of Racial Equality Founded
-Civil Rights: citizens rights to freedom, equality, and social
-Many Americans worked towards organizations that were going to achieve equality
-Organizations spread more throughout the postwar years -
Advocates for Black Nationalism
-Nation of Islam: religious group also known as black muslims that separated blacks and whites
-Malcom X:Black muslim, minister and human rights activist
-The muslims believed blacks should be separated from whites
-The Nation of Islam advocated black nationality -
Dodgers hire Jackie Robinson
-Color Line: a barrier that separated whites from nonwhites
-Baseball was the first sport to be integrated then followed by basketball and football
-Jackie Robinson's entry into the major league made integration noticeable -
Executive Order 9981
-Segregation:separating whites from blacks
-Truman ended the segregation in the army
-Signed the law and people in the army became equal -
Brown v. Board of Education Ruling
-Thurgood Marshall: he was an associate Justice with the Supreme Court
-Black parents tried to get their children into white schools
-Thurgood Marshall used the "doll test" as evidence for discrimination -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
-Boycott: withdraw from commercial or social relations
-Rosa Parks:arrested for not giving up her bus seat for a white person
-Blacks did not like the fact that they had to give up their seat on the bus to a white and blacks have to move to the back
-Blacks refused to ride the bus and organized their own carpools or walk -
Integration of Central High School
-Little Rock Nine:9 black students joined a public school with 2,000 white students
-Federal judge ordered public schools in Arkansas to begin desegregation
-Governor Orval Faubus said he wouldn't support the desegregation -
First Lunch Counter Sit-Ins
-Sit in: sitting in a public facility as a means of peaceful protesting
-Jim Crow Laws: laws that made racial segregation okay in the south
-African American college kids went into Woolsworth everyday
-These students were often attacked by white customers and store owners -
Freedom Rides
-Civil Disobedience: refusal to obey the law the protester considers to be unjust
-Two buses were loaded one with blacks one with whites and headed down south
-A white mob followed the bus and threw firebombs threw the window and beat the passengers as they got off -
Birmingham campaign
-SCLC:African American civil rights organization
-No public facilities would allow black and whites to mix
-SCLC helped organize nonviolent civil rights actions -
March on Washington
-NAACP:civil rights organization for colored people to stop lynching
-Millions of people marched into Washington and demanded for jobs and freedom
-MLKJ's "I have a dream" speech played an important role -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
-Plessy V. Fergusson:1896 case that determined separate but equal facilities
- Originally Kennedy's idea, President Johnson was able to pass the law
- Civil Rights Act banned discrimination -
Voting Rights Act 1965
-disenfranchise:deprive someone the right from voting
-Congress passed the act and gave African Americans literacy tests and other things to deny them the right to vote
-Only 7% of blacks were registered to vote in Mississippi -
Watts Riot
-Kerner Commission:
-ghettos:small part of city were single ethnic groups live
-A black ghetto in LA caused by frustrations about poverty, prejudice and police
-The riot lasted 6 days, 34 people died, almost 900 injured and 4,000 were arrested -
Black Panther Party Founded
-Black power: Africans Americans economic and political power with emphasis with nonviolent protest
-African Americans gained pride in their African heritage
-The black panthers were prepared to realize their goals and fight for what they believed in -
Civil Rights Act of 1968
-discrimination:prejudicial treatment of different races
-The Act banned discrimination in the sale, rental and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, or sex
-Afters King's death they passed the Act. -
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of Education
-desegregation:ending racial segregation
-A 1971 Supreme Court ruling that said busing was indeed an effective way to enforce school segregation
-De Fcato segregation caused by housing patterns were questioned for being constitutional -
Regents of the Univeristy of California v. Bakke
-Affirmative action: policy that increases the number of minorities in a workplace
-Supreme Court ruled that race could be used as one but no the only thing in school admission
-Racial quotas were unconstitutional, that race could not only be used as the only criteron
