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Congress of Racial Equality Founded
- Congress of Racial Equality is a nonviolent organization that happened in 1942
- helped African Americans by giving them an education and employment opportunities
- The Legal Defense and Educational Fund made sure that there was segregation throughout the court system, this gave everyone equal rights and equal protection laws
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Dodgers hire Jackie Robinson
- color line is a law that separated whites and non whites
- Jackie Robinson and the Brooklyn, Dodgers - break the color line
- Robinson took the field in 1947
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Executive Order 9981
- segregation - group people by race belief
- President Truman signs this Executive Order
- Executive Order 9981 ends armed forced segregation
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Brown v. Board of Education Ruling
- Brown v. Board of Education Ruling was when the Supreme Court said that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional
- Thurgood Marshall showed the Supreme Court that segregation harmed African American children
- The Brown decision got ride of segregation in schools AND other public places
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Integration of Central High School
- Little Rock Nine were nine African Americans going to high school with 2,000 white students
- the white students surrounded the school so that the African Americans couldn't learn
- President Eisenhower set federal troops to protect these nine students from most harm that would come towards them
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First lunch counter sit-in
- Jim Crow Laws and Sit-Ins
- Sit-Ins is when protesters sit down in public places refusing to move so that the business looses more costumers
- this was to make make owners give in and make everybody equal to one another
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Freedom Rides
- Freedom Rides were blacks and whites riding in the same bus together throughout the South to see if other states were following the Supreme Courts on ruling against segregation on interstate transportation
- Civil Disobedience and SNCC
- the first bus reached Anniston, Alabama, and was attacked by a white mob
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Birmingham campaign
- SCLC
- Martin Luther King Jr. wrote a letter explaining why African Americans were protesting for there rights
- protester were arrested for marching at Birmingham Hall without a permit
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
- Plessy v. Ferguson
- the Civil Rights Act of 1964 banned discrimination on peoples sex, religion, race, or national origin
- Martin Luther King Jr. helped the government realize that this was a problem
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Watts Riot
- Watts Riot is race riot in a black ghetto in Los Angeles, caused by frustrations about poverty, prejudice, and police mistreatment
- Kerner Commission and ghettos
- rioters burned down house and stole things that caused 45 million dollars of property damage
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Black Panther Party Founded
- Black Power
- Black Panther Party was a group that started in 1966 which demanded economic and political rights and would become violent if needed
- The first and last goals dealt with self-determination.
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Civil Rights Act of 1968
- discrimination
- Civil Rights Act of 1968 is a law that includes a ban on discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, or sex
- before King's death his main focus was on integration and economic equality
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Advocates for Black Nationalism
- Black Nationalism is a doctrine, promoted by the Nation of Islam, calling for complete separation from white society
- Black Muslims promoted complete separation from white society by establishing black businesses, schools, and communities
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Swann v. Charlotte-Macklenberg Board of Education
- desegregation
- Swann v. Charlotte-Macklenberg Board of Education is the 1971 Supreme Court ruling that busing was an acceptable way to achieve school integration
- some students no matter the age would be put in school outside of there neighborhood for desegregation
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Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
- Regents of the University of California v. Blakke is a 1978 Supreme Court ruling that narrowly upheld affirmative action, declaring that race may be one factor, but not the sole criterion, in school admissions
- Affirmative Action
- Lewis Powell, thought race could be used as a criterion in choosing students but opposed the system of preferential treatment used by the University of California
