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Formation of an independent Italy
Definition: Unified much of the Italian Peninsula into the Kingdom of Italy through a movement known as the Risorgimento, a political and social movement that resulted in the establishment and unification of Italy.
Picture Reasoning: This is an image of the anniversary of Italian unification being celebrated. -
Papal States taken over by new nation of Italy
Definition: Italy was not necessarily one big country, but rather a collection of different countries. Italy began annexing the Palpal States in 1860 to join the kingdom and finished by 1870
Picture Reasoning: This is a map of the Palpal States before the annexation into Italy. -
Failure of First Italo-Ethiopian War with the Battle of Adowa (Adwa)
15 December 1894 – 23 October 1896
Definition: The First Italo-Ethiopian War was between 1895 and 1896. Italy wanted to expand and colonize into the Horn of Africa but was defeated and sent back in the Battle of Adowa.
Picture Reasoning: This image shows Lieutenant Colonel Davide Menini waving ahead his forces at the Adwa -
Italy invades and takes over Libya
September 29, 1911 – November 1911
Definition: In a continuation of their efforts of colonization, Italy attempted to invade Libya and succeeded. They took over the Libyan capital, which then eventually resulted in the Italo-Turkish War.
Picture Reasoning: I chose this image as it shows Italian forces preparing to take over Tripoli -
Mussolini begins work as editor for the Socialist Party newspaper Avanti
Definition: Earlier in his political career, Mussolini was an editor for the Socialist Party newspaper Avanti. He was removed from his position of editor after he declared he was in support of Italy’s entrance into World War I.
Picture Reasoning: I chose this image because it is an image of the newspaper that Mussolini was editor of. -
Mussolini kicked out of Socialist Party for pro-nationalistic sentiments regarding WW I
Definition: Mussolini expressed many pro-nationalistic sentiments, especially stating that Italy should join World War I. He was also removed from the PSI (Socialist Party) and then founded his own newspaper: The People of Italy (Popolo Italia).
Picture Reasoning: I chose this image because it is an image of the Popolo Italia. -
Treaty of London
Definition: The Treaty of London was a secret treaty between Britain, Italy, Russia, and France. Italy was to be given Trieste and other territories in return for them joining the war against Austria-Hungary in May.
Picture Reasoning: I chose this image because it shows images of the signatures on the Treaty of London. -
Beginning of Biennio Rosso
Definition: Also known as the Two Red Years, the Biennio Rosso was a period between 1919 and 1920 where there was intense internal domestic social conflict in the nation. The Red Years took place in the context of increasing inflation and an increase of the price of the goods.
Picture Reasoning: I chose this image because it shows people protesting during the Red Years -
Fascio di Combattimento formed in Milan
Definition: The Fascio di Combattimento was formed by Mussolini and his followers to appeal to war veterans and was very close to the Popolo Italia (his newspaper). After the bad elections of 1919, it became much more right-leaning and became known for using violence against political opponents.
Picture Reasoning: I chose this image because it was the logo of the Fascio. -
D’Annunzio takes Fiume
Definition: Gabriele D’Annunzio was a military pilot and took control of Flume. Flume was one of the lands that were promised to Italy. His troops were only able to stay there 15 months.
Picture Reasoning: I chose this image because it is a picture of D’Annunzio, the person who took Flume. -
Mussolini forms alliance with Giolitti
Definition: Giovanni Giolitti merged forces with Benito Mussolini where 35 fascists were elected to make an anti-socialist National Bloc.
Picture Reasoning: I chose this image because it shows Giolitti marching in victory of their alliance. -
Mussolini forms the PNF (Fascist Party) and is elected its leader
Definition: Benito Mussolini formed the Fascist Party to express his Fascist ideas. It was rooted in nationalism to expand Italian territories, supporting a corporatist economic system.
Picture Reasoning: I chose this image because it was the logo of the PNF. -
March on Rome and Mussolini becomes Prime Minister
Definition: The March on Rome was an organized march where the fascists took over many cities and marched on Russian cities. Mussolini became prime minister after he threatened many officials and claimed himself the prime minister.
Picture Reasoning: I chose this image because it shows Mussolini and his Black Shirts during the March. -
Acerbo Law passed
Definition: The Acerbo Law stated that if one party got the majority of the votes (over 25%), then that party would get 2/3 of all of Parliament and then the rest of the parties would get the rest of the seats proportionally.
Picture Reasoning: I chose this image because it is an image of Acerbo, the namesake of the Law. -
Corfu Incident
Definition: This was a conflict between Italy and Greece on the Greek island of Corfu where Italian forces briefly occupied the island as a result of the murder of delegates who were Italian people.
Picture Reasoning: I chose this image because it is a map of the region of where the incident occurrent. -
Matteotti Crisis
Definition: This was a conflict after Matteotti was killed by Fascists. It was rumored that Mussolini killed him/ordered him to be killed but was not confirmed.
Picture Reasoning: I chose this image because it is a picture of Matteotti, the person killed. -
Battle for Grain
Aimed to have full self-sufficiency of wheat production in Italy by boosting cereal production, reducing trade balance deficit, lowering foreign bread import numbers, and showing Italy as a major power in the global marketplace.
I chose this image because it shows a farmer harvesting grain during that time -
Locarno Treaty signed
The Locarno Treaty was a revised peace treaty that included Italy and was an alternative to the Paris Peace Treaties. It guaranteed Germany's frontiers and conditional independence of the Rhineland. I chose this image because it shows the publicity of the Locarno Pact throughout the public. -
Battle for the Lira
Wanted to fix the Lira by putting it on the same scale as the Sterling (British pound), reduce inflation, thought that weak $$ made Italy look like a weak country; revolution did good for industry, benefited steel/chemical industries because relied on raw material import, Italians were able to buy more coal and iron; it was easier for Mussolini to deal with the corporations than people I chose this image of the sterling because it is what Mussolini wanted to equate the Lira to. -
Battle for the Births
“Offered money to loan married families, cancelling partial loan for each born child, any man w 6+ kids was exempt from taxation” wanted 40M to 60M but got 40M to 47.5M population
I chose this image because it shows babies and Mussolini wanted babies. -
Lateran Treaty with Pope
Italy gave full sovereignty to Pope in Vatican City, Pope recognized Italy as an sovereign, independent state with a capital in Rome Catholicism continued to have an ideological hold on the Italian people
The picture I picked is of the pope who represents the Roman Catholic Church. -
Abyssinia Crisis
The Abyssinian Crisis was an international crisis starting with the Walwal incident which was an ongoing conflict between Italy and Ethiopia, The League of Nations ruled in Ethiopia's favor and placed many economic sanctions on Italy. I chose this image because it shows where Abyssinia is on the map to provide context to historians. -
Rome-Berlin Axis Treaty signed
Treaty with protocols, between Germany and Italy, which together formed the origin of the now famous Rome-Berlin Axis. I chose this image because it shows the two leaders together in support of the treaty. -
Munich Conference
The Munich Conference was a settlement reached by Germany, Great Britain, France, and Italy that permitted German annexation of the Sudetenland, in western Czechoslovakia. I chose this image as it shows the signatories of the conference settlement. -
Italy invades Albania
As part of Mussolini's expansionist policies, the Italian Kingdom launched a campaign against already-overrun Albania and annexed it as a protectorate in the Italian Kingdom. I chose this image because it shows Italian forces in Albania. -
Italy enters WW II on side of Germany
Italy entered WWII on the side of Germany, a decision that was heavily opposed by the Italian public and Mussolini's foreign minister, Ciano. I chose this image because it shows Italian forces fighting in World War II. -
Mussolini killed
Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini was killed with his mistress by Italian partisans. I chose this image as it shows Mussolini who is the person that was killed.