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Formation of an independent Italy
Definition: Political and social movement which resulted in the unification of different states on the Italian Peninsula into one state known as Italy. This allowed for liberty, equality, and overall strengthened the people’s implication in the government.
Rationale: This picture was chosen as it shows Italy as a whole and its boundaries once it became independent. -
Papal States taken over by new nation of Italy
Definition: Italians entered the Papal States in September 1870. This annexed the Papal States and Rome to the Kingdom of Italy. Pope became an important secular ruler. This increased nationalism throughout the country.
Rationale: This picture was chosen as it shows the difference between before and after the papel states took over. -
Failure of First Italo-Ethiopian War with the Battle of Adowa
Definition:Ethiopian army beat the outnumbered Italian soldiers and Eritrean askaris were forced to retreat. Italians forced to leave but were able to take their firearms. Proved Ethiopia to be the only African American nation to stop the colonialism of Europeans.
Rationale: This image is significant as it portrays the Battle of Adowa vividly and with color demonstrating the evident defeat and loss. -
Italy invades and takes over Libya
Definition: After Italians invaded, they captured Tripoli from the Turkish troops. Italy annexed Tripoli throughout this war. Italians invaded Libya as the Europeans Powers were too strong and they wanted to show the Ottoman Empire they are stronger. They claimed it was due to economic issues though.
Rationale: This image is significant to Italy invading Libya as it is primary evidence of them using force on the citizens of Libya for them to oblige to rules. -
Mussolini begins work as editor for the Socialist Party newspaper Avanti
Definition: Mussolini being the editor only allowed people of Italy to see what he wanted to. This caused for people to only see the fascist views and believe that Mussolini’s ways were the only ways. He opposed Italy’s intervention into WW1.
Rationale: This image is significant to the Socialist newspaper Avanti as it is a clear (primary) image of the newspaper and how it was depicted. -
Mussolini kicked out of Socialist Party for pro-nationalistic sentiments regarding WWI
Definition: This action was done once he became editor in 1914 due to political positions as they went against Italian government. Caused to create own newspaper called II Popolo D'Italia. Allowed him to continue sharing his ideas and thoughts.
Rationale: This image is significant to the demonstration of Mussolini being kicked out of the socialist party as it is primary evidence of him leaving and making headlines. -
Treaty of London
Definition: Made by Italy before WWI which unified with Great Britain. This settlement was made up to be able to take over the Central Powers. Allowed Italy to be the in the triple and put them in a good position going into WWI.
Rationale: This image is significant towards the Treaty of London as it demonstrates the central powers that were involved in the treaty in a visual and easily understood manner. -
Beginning of Biennio Rosso
Definition:It resulted in a two-year period of high unemployment. This caused for the economy of Italy to be negatively affected. Due to many men being in the war. Many strikes were active during this time.
Rationale: This image is significant to demonstrating the beginning of Biennio Rosso as it is primary evidence of the gathering of men right before war. -
Fascio di Combattimento formed in Milan
Definition: It is Italian for League of Combat. It was a political movement started by Benito Mussolini that was later called fascism. Squadristi.
Rationale: This image was chosen as it demonstrates the manifesto created for the Fascio di Combattimento that was published in the Il Popolo D'Italia (Italian newspaper created by Mussolini). -
D’Annunzio takes Fiume
Definition: Fiume was an area of the former Yugoslavia on the border of Italy and with a majority Italian population. D'Annunzio was trying to reunite all Italian people under 'the Kingdom of Italy and declared it an independent state.
Rationale: This image is relevant as is demonstrates the Gabriele D'Annunzio) with some legionaries (components of the Arditi's department of the Italian Royal Army) in Fiume in 1919. -
Mussolini forms alliance with Giolitti
Definition: In 1921, Mussolini formed an alliance with the head of the Italian government. This was to ensure his political power in the Italian government/parliament as he was becoming the leader of the PNF.
Rationale: The image above is significant to the contents of this event as it depicts Giolitti - giving a visual of him. -
Mussolini forms the PNF (Fascist Party) and is elected its leader
Definition: The National Fascist Party was an Italian political party, created by Benito Mussolini as the political expression of Italian Fascist.
Rationale: This photo is relevant to the timeline as it demonstrates the flag representing the National Fascist Party. -
March on Rome and Mussolini becomes Prime Minister
Definition: In 1922 Mussolini led a coalition of fascist leaders to Rome and forced the king to yield the government. Mussolini was appointed prime minister.
Rationale: This photo is significant to the timeline as it demonstrates Mussolini after becoming Prime Minister after the Mach on Rome and being declared Il Duce (the leader). -
Corfu Incident
Definition: In August 1923 Italians forming part of an international boundary delegation were murdered on Greek soil, leading Benito Mussolini to order a naval bombardment of Corfu.
Rationale: This photo is significant as it conveys Italian troops occupying Corfu, depicting the prominence of the conflict between Italy and Greece. -
Acerbo Law passed
Definition: The Acerbo Law, passed in 1923, was designed to give Mussolini more political power by giving Mussolini's party a majority of deputies.
Rationale: this photo is significant to the timeline as it provides a visual of the man the Acerbo Law was named after. -
Matteotti Crisis
Definition: political confrontation between liberals and the Fascist government of Italy after the assassination of Giacomo Matteotti, a Socialist opposition deputy, by Fascist thugs.
Rationale: This photo is significant to the timeline as it demonstrates the death of Matteotti as he is being carried in his casket during his funeral. -
Aventine Secession
Definition: The withdrawal of the parliament opposition and heralded the assumption of total power by Benito Mussolini and his National Fascist Party and the establishment of a one-party dictatorship in Italy. Involved Italian Socialist, Liberal, Popular and Communist parties.
Rationale: This image is significant to the timeline because it demonstrates how many figures were able to finalize the secession, and therefore make its terms and policies evident throughout society. -
Battle for Grain
Definition: a campaign launched during the fascist regime of Italy by Benito Mussolini, with the aim of pursuing the self-sufficiency of wheat production in Italy.
Rationale: This image is significant to the timeline because it allows us to see how hardworking individuals were during this time due to how powerfully Mussolini implemented his ideals onto his people. -
Locarno Treaty signed
Definition: An agreement between Britain, France, Belgium, Italy and Germany. Stresemann believed that through signing the Pact, it would increase confidence in Germany amongst her own people but also other European powers.
Rationale: This image is significant to our timeline because it provides a visual of the environment in which this treaty was agreed upon, that being focused on world leaders and putting trust into them. -
Battle for Births
Definition: Mussolini introduced several measures to encourage reproduction, with an objective of increasing the population from 40 million to 60 million by 1950.
Rationale: This image is important to our timeline because it portrays Mussolini as the powerful leader that he indeed was, showing that him implementing these measures to society was bound to be effective. -
Battle for Land and Battle for the Lira
Definition: Battle for Land was started by Mussolini and aimed to clear marshland and make it suitable for farming, claiming land/reducing health risks. Battle for the Lira was an economic policy undertaken by the Fascists in Italy as an attempt to raise the claims of Italy becoming a great power.
Rationale: This image is significant to the timeline because it shows the conditions which people were working in and how they had to work through inconveniences to come out as successful. -
Kellogg-Briand Treaty signed
Definition: international agreement on peace in which signatory states promised not to use war to resolve "disputes or conflicts of whatever nature or of whatever origin they may be, which may arise among them".
Rationale: This image is significant to the timeline because it encompasses the idea behind the treaty being made international and how many people were able to come together so that conflicts and where they would arise from could eventually be settled. -
Lateran Treaty with Pope
Definition: The treaty recognized Vatican City as an independent state under the sovereignty of the Holy See. The Italian government also agreed to give the Roman Catholic Church financial compensation for the loss of the Papal States.
Rationale: This image is significant to the timeline because it pictures the involvement of the Pope, which shows how politics incorporated religion in some instanced to further speak to its people. -
Abyssinian Crisis
Definition: The Abyssinia Crisis was a crisis in 1935 that originated in what was called the Walwal incident during the ongoing conflict between the Kingdom of Italy and the Empire of Ethiopia. Both Ethiopia and Italy pursued a policy of provocation against each other.
Rationale: The picture is significant to demonstrating the Abyssinia Crisis through it depicting the Italians taking ammunition and resources from the Ethiopians as they lay dead after putting up a great fight. -
Stresa Front
Definition: It’s aim was to reaffirm the Locarno Treaties and to declare that the independence of Austria "would continue to inspire their common policy". They also agreed to resist any future attempt by the Germans to change the Treaty of Versailles.
Rationale: This image is significant to the timeline since it portrays definite drawn boarders of Europe during the time so that opposition powers will know who is obligated to which territory and how this would further cause peace. -
Italian involvement with Spanish Civil War
Definition: During the Spanish Civil War Italy sent 80,000 men, of whom almost 6,000 belonged to the Italian Air Force, 45,000 to the army and 29,000 to the fascist militia.
Rationale: The picture is significant towards the expression of the event as it demonstrates that Italy sent troops and military help into Spain in the form of aid during the Spanish Civil War. -
Rome-Berlin Axis Treaty
Definition: Rome-Berlin Axis, Coalition formed in 1936 between Italy and Germany. An agreement formulated by Italy's foreign minister Galeazzo Ciano informally linking the two fascist countries.
Rationale: This picture was chosen as it is significant in demonstrating the coalition formed between Italy and Germany. As the two leaders of the countries stand together in peace. -
Munich Conference
Definition: Munich Agreement, settlement reached by Germany, Great Britain, France, and Italy that permitted German annexation of the Sudetenland, in western Czechoslovakia. German troops occupy these regions between October 1 and 10, 1938
Rationale: The picture is significant to the Munich Agreement as it displays the four leaders of the corresponding countries involved at peace conversating to one another during the agreement in an orderly fashion. -
Italy invades Albania
Definition: The conflict was a result of the imperialist policies of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini. Albania was rapidly overrun, its ruler King Zog I forced into exile in neighboring Greece, and the country made part of the Italian Empire as a protectorate in personal union with the Italian Crown.
Rationale: This picture is significant in the demonstration of how Italy expanded into Albania forcefully to take over/invade the country. -
Mussolini brought down by coup during WWII
Definition: Mussolini was voted out of power by his own Grand Council and arrested upon leaving a meeting with King Vittorio Emanuele, who tells Il Duce that the war is lost.
Rationale: This image is significant to the coup bringing Mussolini down during WWII as it demonstrates his own followers turning against him to get away from fascism. -
Italy enters WW II on side of Germany
Definition: The government of Italy declares war on its former Axis partner Germany and joins the battle on the side of the Allies. With Mussolini deposed from power and the collapse of the fascist government in July.
Rationale: This image is significant to Italy entering WWII on the side of Germany as it is a primary source of a newspaper published just before the war in demonstration of the ideals that Italy had in forming alliances with other powers. -
Mussolini killed
Definition: In the final days of World War II in Europe, he was summarily executed by an Italian partisan in the small village of Giulino di Mezzegra in northern Italy. Mussolini was shot by Walter Audisio, a communist partisan but this is still controversial.
Rationale: This image was chosen as it represents the death of Mussolini as it is significant in the expression of the five shots that were honored during his execution which remains controversial to the public.