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died 547 AD
established monasteries and rules that monks followed and still followed -
742-814
was king of the Franks, and under his rule, the empire flourished starting schools and building monasteries -
1098-1179
important because she is the first woman composer that we have documentation of, looked up to my many -
(dates are approximate)
Leonin was a composer, work at notre dame, poet and musician, compiled magnus liber organi / Perotin was leonin’s students, edited the magnus liber organi, excellent “quadrupla” & “trupla” -
1170-1310
"old style" referring to musical period -
up to 1200
oral tradition-carried down by mouth / neumes- little symbols above text showing contour of melody and not used to teach used to refresh memory / one line & two lines- pitches C & F, and then four lines published by Guido -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3oaRM1uDsw8 Notre Dame Organum
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(date is approximate)
used at notre dame, original is lost, but contents survive in manuscripts. several polyphonic chants such as viderunt omnes. leonin and perotin -
(south/north) 1200-1400
poets who sang about courtly love during the 11th-13th century in France -
1200-1300
Parallel Organum: 2 voices, the principal (top) voice (original chant) and the organal (bottom) voice (new), these voices move in exact parallel motion, used many P5.
Free Organum: Organal voice is now on top, and parallel, oblique, and contrary motion are used. Voices may cross, used P4, P5 and octaves. Sung by soloists. -
1200-1300 Aquitanian Organum: two voices, lower voice is “tenor” both sang words, duration is not included. Found in Southwest France, it includes settings of chant, sequences and solos from responsorial chant and most are versus, which are latin sacred songs set to a rhymed, rhythmic poem.
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largest collection of monophonic poems from medieval ages written in Galician-Portugese. there are four copies, copy E has illuminations of medieval instruments. important because it shows us what musical instruments were like.
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(date is approximate)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jkp2GHBRUiQ troubador song -
(approximate dates) explains Franco's notation/music theory, known as Franconian Notation
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poet and composer, however he made money by being a church cannon and administrator
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(14th century) a manuscript that captured the turn of the century (switch from ars antiqua to ars nova). this is an allegorical poem that satires corrupt politicians and church modes. a creature who is half man half ass rises to powerful position, symbolizing world turning upside down
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(1300-1371) poet and composer, middle class, cleric, took holy orders, first composer to compile his complete works and method, had enough money to pay for illuminated manuscripts (five)
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Italy in the fourteenth century
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1320-1400 "new style" this term is attributed to DeVitry. music style is different from ars antiqua
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DeVitry, isorhythmic motet https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9yo07PlUNs4
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most famous composer during trecento, blind from smallpox, organist in important churches but wrote no sacred music
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Illuminated manuscript compiled in florence, largest primary source of music from trecento
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Guillaume de Machaut, virelai, approximate date. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Z8rt3hHUEY
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Guillaume de Machaut, rondeau, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WyuxFgLLlIU (approximate date)
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Francesco Landini, Ballata
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(end of fourteenth century) composers of the court of Avignon pope in Southern France continued Ars Nova traditions. this was happening in france while the trecento was happening in italy
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source for music in the late 1300s - early 1400s, contains mostly Mass Ordinaries, music on mainland Europe began to be influenced by the English, due to the 100 years war, 3rd and 6ths moving in parallel motion, simple melodies, few dissonance, syllabic and homophonic
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1397- 1474 most famous composers of his time, and traveled throughout his career as chapel musician in Italy/southwest france, being that he traveled so much, his music was largely influenced by this, music found in manuscripts around europe attesting to popularity
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1400-1460 worked in the service of english and burgundian nobles
works included, mass movements, motets and secular songs
his works were also widely copied and imitated by others -
1420-1497 renown composer after Dufay, in northern europe
after 1451 worked in the service of the French Kings, after 1465 became head of kings chapel
traveled only a little, but had contact with Dufay, Binchois, ans Busnoys, so not as cosmopolitan as Dufay
composed:
motets, masses and chansons
designed his own style, synthesizing past, present and his own style elements
known for his unique masses -
3 parts (cantus, tenor, contratenor), uses a hemiola, rondeau
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MITDlkxmUgI -
an isorhythmic motet (old fashioned), connecting to the past for an important reason
was written in dedication to the dome, and there are connections made to the architecture of the church and the dome, the isorhythmic structure and its proportions of the two tenors mimic the design
rests on pythagorean theorem -
written by anonymous / extremely popular song of this time period, meaning is still be argued, so served as borrowed material for over 40 cyclic masses in the 1400s, worked as a good base, emphasizing the interval of the fifth
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mid 1400s, this song says he will miss wine more than the woman he speaks of, rondeau
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4esGXmuz4Qg -
mid 1400s, cantus firmus mass, cyclic mass
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fLwMEBlBBB4 -
very influential composer, traveled all over Europe
works:
18 masses
Over 50 motets
65 chansons, including 10 instrumental
many works attributed to him were probably composed to others
fame:
composers emulated his style
works were performed for almost a century after his death
publishers attributed works to him to boost the sales of their books -
early motet, one of the most popular. music setting driven by text, switches from imitation and homophony.
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In 1492 christopher columbus said the ocean blue
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paraphrase mass, based on plain chant. all four voices sing the chant at least once, and the original chant generates the motives for new work. the chant is paraphrased.
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a madrigal is a form of music that utilizes the technique "word painting." combines poetry and music. the most important genre of secular music in the 16th century. very dramatic music, with just a single stanza form. allowed amateur musicians to part take in music making by singing out of song books
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through composed, music followed text through the use of the tritone. an example of a composer is Jacques Arcadelt.
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anthology of polyphonic secular songs published by Ottaviano Petrucci in 1501 in Venice it was the first book of polyphonic music ever to be printed using movable type
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david is that famous statue
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a list published that disputes the bad things that the catholic church was doing (selling of indulgences), this established lutheranism
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taught at jesuit seminary, saved polyphony from the council of trent, they were going to eliminate it, but he proved that music could be intelligable. a revolutionary composer of his time
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example of an early madrigal. it is a metaphor (for something explicit), however, the poem says that this majestic white swan dies, and compares himself to the swan "dying" and he loved it so much, that he "died 1000 times a day." includes only four parts, no chromaticism.
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consisted of five vocal parts, and had complex word painting. an example of a composer is Cipriano de Rore
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(non musical event #1) it was always thought that every other planet/star revolved around earth, but a polish astronomer had discovered that the earth actually revolves around the sun
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revitalized the catholic church through a series of meetings in northern italy. bishops regulated music, and secular songs were used in compositions
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(approximate dates) this shows us the essence of Palestrina's style. his style consisted of controlled counterpoint, melodies move in stepwise motion, triads and harmony, chordal spacing, homophony
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(non musical event #2 - i know its not from the western world, but it's important to include worldly events) an earthquake with a 8.0 magnitude killed almost a million people and destroyed this province in china
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an example of mid century madrigal. has five voice parts, and this madrigal is different than the others because the poem used explains both sides of a story. starting off with the female, who is sad that the male left, and then the male saying why he did
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professional female singers in the late renaissance at the court of ferrara, italy. sang vocal music of that time. interesting because it was only female! (in a time where men had seemed to dominate the music world)
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(non musical event #3) we have come a long way from pope gregory! this is his great-great-great-great-great-great (6 greats) grandfather! this was correcting the julian calendar. it shortened the year by 0.0075 days to stop the drift of the calendar in response to the equinoxes
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includes chromaticism, vocal lines are harder to sing, standard counterpoint rules are broken to follow text. an example of a composer Luca Marenzio
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"La Pellegrina" is a play that was performed in the Medici household (rich family). There are six intermedi which are choral madrigals, with double/triple choirs, solo vocalists, as well as instrumental music. These all were derived from mythological tales/music. is seen as the "forerunner" for opera
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an example of a later madrigal. based on a sonnet by Petrarch. the poet is walking alone, and the chromaticism increases as the piece goes on. counterpoint rules are broken to reflect text.
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now known as "seconda prattica" or "stile moderno" this was a debate between the composers Monteverdi and Artusi. Monteverdi wanted to embellish sacred music, and Artusi, being a little old fashioned, did not believe in that
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peri had actually composed the opera "orfeo e eurydice" before monteverdi. peri's is from 1600 and is the oldest surviving opera we have , even though he did write "Dafne", it has been lost
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written by thomas morley, its a book of 25 english madrigals, written by 23 different composers, dedicated to queen Elizabeth. this is important because queen Elizabeth (the virgin queen) was extremely concerned with how the public viewed her (alluded to in Weelkes' madrigal "as vesta was"). having something dedicated to made people look up to her
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commissioned by patrons, during a wedding event/season of Lent, this was a big "break" in Monteverdi's musical career. very big deal because it the patrons who commissioned it had a big platform
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this was important for Monteverdi because he got the job of being in charge of all things music (maestro) at St. Mark's cathedral. this expanded his platform and allowed him to get his music out to more people, and more rich people.
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opera has become "commercialized" and the term "opera" was first used to describe operas
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a later opera, however, this was MUCH different from "L'Orfeo." the plot includes explicit behaviors between the characters including sex and murder. based off of real events in roman history, not off of mythology like "L'Orfeo"
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louis xiv ruled under an absolute monarch, and even controlled music. he created a monopoly on music, and had set up academies where he controlled music being published/performed. louis xiv was also a dancer, so there was a big emphasis on the arts. he also was very concerned with how the public viewed him, and he was very afraid of being over thrown
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a 12 hour ballet that Louis XIV had performed in when he was 12-13 years old. he played five parts in this ballet. this is important because this shows how much he loved ballet
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controlled french music, under king louis xiv. he was the first french composer to write an opera, which he thought to be impossible, because of the way the french language needed to be catered to. his music was all attributed to king louis xiv, and praised him
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a female composer/harpsichord virtuoso in france during king louis xiv's reign. it wasn't uncommon for upper class women to play instruments, being that instruments taught them discipline/gave them something to do in their free time. however, Jacquet began to compose and publish trio sonatas and suites.
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lully's opera. it was written in collaboration with philippe quinault, based on tasso's poem La Gerusalemme liberata. this opera was seen as lully's greatest work. tragédie en musique is an genre invented by lully and tasso.
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(approximate dates, i dont know when they were published). it is interesting that she, a female, got to publish her music, with king louis xiv's monopoly on music. she attributed her music to louis xiv. she had also been the first woman at that time to write an opera. her dance suites were important as well because king louis xiv LOVED to dance