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Jan 5, 1348
Black Death
1348-1351
When ships arrived they were filled with most of the sailors dead. Most of the sailors aboard the ships were dead, and those who were still alive were gravely ill. They had high fevers, unable to keep food down and delirious from pain; They were also covered in mysterious black boils that oozed blood and pus .
The "Black Death" would kill kill more than 20 million people in Europe–almost one-third of the continent’s population. -
Jan 4, 1350
Renaissance
1350-1550
The meaning of Renaissance is rebirth, which is what it is referring to the rebirth of arts and culture of Europe after the Middle ages. This period revived the interest in the arts ; which brought importance to painters , sculpters. -
Jan 4, 1415
Council of Constance burns Hus and ends Great Schism
1415-1700
The Council condemmed Hus of 30 propositions and declared him an obsinate heretic and he was delivered to the secular power and he was burned at the stake. -
Jan 4, 1450
Exploration
1450-1600
During Exploration age European explorers searched for trade routes, overseas wealth, and adventure.
Expansions in technology aided the explorations. -
Dec 29, 1453
fall of constantinople; end of hundred years' war
The fall of constatinople was the capturing of the Byzantine empire;which also marked the ending of Middle Ages and the beginning of a new era for Europe.
The Hundred years war ended because Bordeaux surrendered, leaving Calais as the last English possession in France. -
Dec 29, 1455
invention of printing press
The printing press is considered one of the most important inventions of modern time. The printing press made making books a less difficult process. Without the printing press the Renaissance and even the Scientific Revolution would not have occurred. -
Dec 29, 1492
Columbus encounters America;completion of reconquista in spain
Columbus was the not the first explorer to "discover" or "explore" america but he was the first to create extended interest in the New World and make it a centerpiece of colonization efforts by first the Spanish and then the French and English.
The reconquista was a period in the Middle Ages during which several Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula succeeded in retaking and repopulating the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslim Al-Andalus Province -
Jan 4, 1500
Price Revolution
1500-1600
The price revolution was a period of time when there was and rapid inflation of prices . In some cases the prices would have increased sixfold and sometimes in extreme cases they would come to even higher prices. -
Jan 5, 1500
protestant and catholic reformations
1500-1600
The Protestant reformation was the chaos religiously, politically, intellectually and culturally that split Catholic Europe. It set in the place the structures and beliefs that define the continent in the modern era. -
Jan 5, 1500
Early Modern Society
1500-1700
Early modern European society was a hierarchy. Most people identified closely with their social class. They knew where they stood in terms of social class and they lived accordingly, expecting and accepting inequalities as simply a part of life.
The Early Modern Society held Nobility and Peasants, most of the population were not Nobles but Peasants. -
Dec 29, 1517
Luther posts 95 theses
Luther attacked the Catholic churchs' doing by writing a document which attacked the Catholic Church’s corrupt practice of selling “indulgences” to absolve sin.
His “95 Theses,” displayed two central beliefs—that the Bible is the central religious authority and that humans may reach salvation only by their faith and not by their deeds. -
Dec 29, 1519
Cortez conquers Aztecs
Cortez is best remembered for conquering the Aztec empire and claiming Mexico for Spain.
Cortez's arrival occured during the same time the Aztec god Quetzalcoatl, whom they credited with the creation of humans among other notable feats, was set to return to Earth.
Thinking that Cortés could be Quetzalcoatl, Montezuma greeted the party with great honor. -
Jan 5, 1520
Religious Wars
1650 The Relifious wars was fought between the Catholic League and the Huguenots.It started when The spread of French Calvinism persuaded the French ruler Catherine de Médicis to show more tolerance for the Huguenots, which angered thel Roman Catholic Guise family. The ones involved massacred a Huguenot congregation at Vassy causing an uprising in the provinces. The war ended when Henry embraced Roman Catholicism and the religious toleration of the Huguenots guaranteed by the Edict of Nantes -
Dec 29, 1534
Act of Supremacy in England creates Anglican church
The Act of Supremacy was a legislation that gave Henry VII of England Royal Supremacy , which means that he was now the head of the Church of England; With that he declared the independence of the "Ecclesia Anglicana". (Anglican Church) -
Dec 29, 1536
Calvin establishes reformed faith in Geneva
After being forced out of Geneva by authorities Calvin was later invited back. Upon his return he became a spiritual and political leader.Calvin punished people for believing any other religion but his.Calvin allowed no art other than music, and even that could not involve instruments. Under his rule, Geneva became the center of Protestantism, and sent out pastors to the rest of Europe. -
Jan 5, 1543
Scientific Revolution
1543-1687
The Scientific Revolution was an era of new ways of thinking and new inventions. The way of thinking also changed scientist and philosophers did not just go by what they were told but were inspired to found out why and how -
Dec 29, 1543
Copernicus publishes heliocentric theory
The Heliocentric theory, is the theory that the Sun is placed in the center of the solar system instead of Earth.
Copernicus published his theory in his book " On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies". Copernicus placed the Earth as the third planet from the Sun, and in his model, the Moon orbits the Earth not the Sun. -
Dec 29, 1545
Council of Trent opens
the Council of Trent marks a turning point in the history of early modern Catholicism, it made it clear the differences between Roman Catholicism from every Protestant confession.
A new general council was seen as an opportunity to resolve controversial theological problems dealing with faith and morals and come to closure. -
Jan 5, 1550
Dutch Commercial Dominance
1550-1650
Trade was a big contributer to Dutch's Commercial Dominance. -
Jan 5, 1550
Age of Crisis
1550-1650
The Crisis of the Late Middle Ages refers to a series of events in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries that brought the prosperity and growth of Europe to a halt.
Three major crises led to radical changes in all areas of society.
They were: demographic collapse, political instabilities and religious upheavals. -
Dec 29, 1555
Peace of Augsburg ends religious war in Germany; Charles V abdicates
The Peace of Augsburg temporarily settled the religious disputes withing the Holy Roman Empire which had arised from the Reformation. Stating each prince had to choose wether Lutheranism or or Roman Catholicism would prevail in their land.
Charles V's could not accept Protestanism in Germany and so he passed the running Holy Roamn Empire onto his son. -
Jan 5, 1580
Witchcraft Scare
1580-1680
The Witchcraft scare consisted of Witch hunts especially in Cental Europe . The Witch hunts resulted in resulted in the trial, torture, and execution of tens of thousands of victims, about three-quarters of whom were women. -
Defeat of Spanish Armada
The Spanish Armada were defeated by the nglish Naval Force who were led by Lord Charles Howard and Sir Francis Drake.
The fight was on , until a sudden change of the wind's direction caused the Spanish to break off from the battle and retreat toward the North Sea. -
Edict of Nantes ends French religious wars
The Edict of Nantes temporarily ended the religious wars between the Roman Catholics and the Protestants which had torn France apart. -
Baroque Art
1600-1750
This genre was mostly associated with the religious tensions within European Christianity that rose from the division on Roman Catholicism and Protestantism.
Baroque art also uses the selective illumination of figures out of intense dark shadows. -
Commercial Revolution
1600-1700
The Commercial Revolution was a period of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism. -
Dutch East India Company founded
The Dutch East India Company was a trading company found by the Dutch in order to protect their system in the Indian Ocean and to assist in their war of independence from Spain -
Conflict between Parliament and King of England
1603-1689 -
Stuart monarchy begins in England
The Stuarts were the first kings of the United Kingdom.
The Stuarts kept the crown from 1603 to 1714,this period saw a flourishing Court culture but also much increase and instability, of plague, fire and war. -
Age of Louis XIV
1643-1715
Louis XIV was kow as the The Sun King,
With the mighty military of France, he managed to reshape the map of Europe and curve the ambitions of over-ambitious monarchs. At the age of twenty-three, Louis XIV was the untested ruler of the most powerful nation in the world. -
Peace of Westphalia ends Thirty Years' war
The treaty gave the Swiss independence of Austria and the Netherlands independence of Spain. The German principalities secured their autonomy. Sweden gained territory and a payment in cash, Brandenburg and Bavaria made gains too, and France acquired most of Alsace-Lorraine. (http://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/treaty-westphalia#sthash.r2VkQ3xl.dpuf) -
Charles I executed in england
This event was one of the most controvesial events in Stuart's Englnad's history.
Charles I was accused of being a "tyrant, traitor and murderer; and a public and implacable enemy to the Commonwealth of England."
Charles execution was delayed when the man in charge of executing the king denied to it and many others as well; They did find a man that would do it and they allowed for him to wear a mask so nobody would ever know it was him. Charles was then beheaded. -
Absolutism
1650-1750
Absolutism is when the leader of the country are in complete control of the people, which they used to control the population. The philosopher Thomas Hobbes believed that this absolute rule was necessary in order to maintain a level of security within the society. -
Period: to
Commercial wars
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Newton publishes "Principia Mathematica"
the Principia Mathematica is seen as one of the most important works in both the science of physics and in applied mathematics during the Scientific revolution, the work explains much of the technological and scientific advances from the Industrial Revolution, which it helped to create. -
Glorious Revoluion;Peter the Great's reign begins in Russia
1688-1689
The Revoltuion resulted in the deposition of James II and the accession of William III and Mary II to the English throne.
Peter returned to Russia after his european tour ,he knew the importance of a port with easy access to Europe so he began building a navy. To gain his port, Peter waged a 21-year war against the Swedish Empire, and gained his Baltic port by 1721. In celebration, he declared Russia an empire, and himself the first Russian Emperor. -
Rise of Russia
1689-1815
When the Byzantine Empire finally collapsed, Russian emperors tried to gain access to a warm-water port, which stays ice-free all year. Peter the Great and Catherine the Great fought successful wars against the Ottomans, Austrians, Prussians, and Swedish. He expanded the army and modeled it on Western ones.By the 18th Century Russia was a major European power, along with Britain, France, Prussia, and Austria, although an unstable one. -
Bank of england
The Bank of England was created to act as the Government's banker and debt-manager. Since then its role has developed and evolved, centred on the management of the nation's currency and its position at the centre of the UK's financial system. -
Rise of the Middle Class
1700's
The middle class, also called the classes moyennes or bourgeoisie, grew from the groups of 18th century commercial and industrial capitalists.There were also , many new occupations which primarily used mental skills rather than physical labor; the number of i ndividuals and families in these careers exploded in number, creating a substantial, and eventually dominant, middle class -
Agricultural Revolution
18th century-19th century
The agricultural revolution was a period of agricultural development , which saw a massive and rapid increase in agricultural productivity and vast improvements in farm technology. -
Elightenment
18th century
Enlightenment throughout Europe questioned traditional authority and embraced the notion that humanity could be improved through rational change. The Enlightenment produced numerous books, essays, inventions, scientific discoveries, laws, wars and revolutions. The American and French Revolutions were directly inspired by Enlightenment ideas. -
Peace of Utrecht;death of Louis XIV
1713-1715
It was a series of treaties that concluded the War of the Spanish Succession. It put an end to French expansion and signaled the rise of the British Empire.
Louis XIV died of gangrene at Versailles. His reign had lasted 72 years, longer than that of any other known European monarch, and left an indelible mark on the culture, history and destiny of France. -
Rococo Art
1720-1760
Rococo art is a style of high class French art and decoration from the 18th century, characterized by elaborate ornamentation, a light and airy feel, and a sense of delicacy. The term "Rococo" comes from the French word "rocaille" or "shell-like" for the graceful s-curves and scrolling forms that dominate the style. -
War of Austrian sucession begins
The War of Austrian Succession included nearly all the powers of Europe.The war began under the reason that Maria Theresa of Austria was ineligible to succeed to the Habsburg thrones of her father, Charles VI, because Salic law precluded royal inheritance by a woman, -
Industrial Revolution
1750-1850
Industrialization marked a shift to powered, special-purpose machinery, factories and mass production. The iron and textile industries, and the development of the steam engine, played central roles in the Industrial Revolution,there were also improved systems of transportation, communication and banking. -
Treaty of Paris ends Seven Years' War
The Treaty of Paris of 1763 ended the French and Indian War/Seven Years’ War between Great Britain and France, as well as their respective allies.The treaty made France give up all its territories in mainland North America, effectively ending any foreign military threat to the British colonies there.
(https://history.state.gov/milestones/1750-1775/treaty-of-paris) -
American revolution;Smith publishes "Wealth of Nations"
The American Revolution marked the first time in history that the people fought for their independence in the name of certain universal principles such as rule of law, constitutional rights, and popular sovereignty.
the three main ideas of the "Wealth of Nations" were - division of labor, productivity, and free markets - will be briefly described in this lesson. -
Age of Revolutions
1789-1848
The two major events during this period are the Industrial Revolution which begins in Britain and the French Revolution and coming wars under Napoleon. -
French revolution begins
During this period, French citizens razed and redesigned their country’s political landscape, uprooting centuries-old institutions such as absolute monarchy and the feudal system.
the French Revolution was influenced by Enlightenment ideals, particularly the concepts of popular sovereignty and inalienable rights. -
Rise of Nationalism
1790's-1914
In the very beginning, there were no particular nation-states and eastern and Central Europe was under autocratic monarchies within the territories of which lived diverse people.
The raw notion of nationalism was finally acquired from this new phenomenon which cut across regional divisions. The Aristocracy spoke French for the purpose of diplomacy and in high society.
liberal Nationalism stood for freedom for the individual and quality of all before the law. -
Feminism
1790's-1980's
It is the movements and ideologies aimed at equal rights for women. Modern Western feminist history is split into three time periods, or "waves", each with slightly different aims based on prior progress. First-wave feminism of the 19th and early 20th centuries focused on overturning legal inequalities, particularly women's suffrage. -
Wollstone Craft begins feminist movement with "Vindication of Rights of Women"
The "Vindication of Rights of Women" was one of the first feminist philosophy.
Wollstonecraft responds to theorists of the 18th century who did not believe women should have an education. She argued that women should be able to have an education equal to their position in society, alsp stating women should be equal with men in education. -
Napoleon comes to power in France
Napoleon was a French military leader and emperor who conquered much of Europe in the early 19th century.After seizing political power in France in a 1799 coup d’état, he crowned himself emperor in 1804. Napoleon successfully waged war against various coalitions of European nations and expanded his empire. -
Romanticism
1815-1848
Romanticism was more intectual than political like the other "isms".
The basic idea in Romanticism is that reason cannot explain everything. In reaction to the cult of rationality that was the Enlightenment, Romantics searched for deeper, often subconscious appeals. This made the Romantics view things with a different perspective than the Enlightenment thinkers. -
Abdication of Napoleon ; Congress of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna was made up of the four European powers which had defeated Napoleon. The first goal was to establish a new balance of power in Europe which would prevent imperialism within Europe, such as the Napoleonic empire, and maintain the peace between the great powers.
Napoleon Bdicated the throne after he got defeated at both waterloo. -
Rise of Liberalism
1830s-1870s
Liberalism is the belief in freedom and equal rights generally associated with such thinkers as John Locke and Montesquieu. Events like the Glorious Revolution,The Bill of Rights , The Declaration of Independence and a couple more helped Liberalism rise. -
Revolutions of 1848 ;Marx and Engels publish "Communist Manifesto"
The first sentence in "Communist Manifesto" is “history of all hitherto existing societies is the history of class struggle.” They argue that all changes in the shape of society, in political institutions, in history itself, are driven by a process of collective struggle on the part of groups of people with similar economic situations in order to realize their material or economic interests -
Modern Ideas and Science
1850-1920's -
Second Industrial Revolution
1850-1914
In the 2nd In.Revolution electricity replaced steam as the main power source.
Electricity was applied to transportation and communications.
Because of this the 2nd In. Revoluion was known as an electrical revolution. -
Realism and Materialism
1850-1870
Realism is a term used to discuss western literatures of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries.Realists sought a truthful portrayal of contemporary life, a “slice of life,” from an objective viewpoint.
Materialism is a tendency to consider material possessions and physical comfort as more important than spiritual values.It also asserts that everything is or can be explained in relation to matter -
Imperialism
1850-1914
The major European states,mostly Great Britain, France, and Germany, divided virtually all of Africa and much of Asia among themselves. This imperial expansion provided a dramatic displayof Europe's power and dynamism. By the end of the century, the United States and Japan had joined the ranks of the imperalist powers winning a surprising victory over Russia. As the imperialist powers increased their activity, rivalries intensified, increasing tensions among the powers. -
Period: to
unification and nation building
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Period: to
modern ideas and science
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Period: to
rise of modern society
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Crystal Palace Exhibition in Britain
The Crystal Palace was originally created by Joseph Paxton to house the Exhibition of the Industry of all Nations that was to be staged in Hyde Park, London -
Britain establishes direct rule of India
India came under British rule,by the efforts of the Bristish East Indies Company and not by the efforts of Britain's government, over the next 250 years the British found themselves more in the role of conquerors and governors than traders. -
Darwin publishes "Orgin of the Species"
The "Origin of the Species" talks about evolution. -
Italy unified;Russian serfs emancipated
In the short term, emancipation had a positive impact on Russia, and Russian economic growth ran at an average of 4.6% between 1860 and 1900, speeding up over the years.
An increase in commercial farming had a dramatic impact on Russia’s agricultural sector, and the changing nature of the working and middle classes led to an increase in the number of people qualified to take on management roles in factories and industry, increasing productivity there. -
Modern Art
1870-1920
Modern art represents an evolving set of ideas among a number of painters, sculptors, writers, and performers who - both individually and collectively - sought new approaches to art making.
One common characteristic throughout these early modern eras was an idealization of subject matter, whether human, natural, or situational. Artists typically painted not what they perceived with subjective eyes but rather what they envisioned as the epitome of their subject. -
Unification of Germany;Paris Commune and Third Republic in France
Germany had problems unifying : Regional differences, developing since the first settlement of the Germanic tribes during the Roman Empire, were distinct, and local princes refused to give up substantial power to the central government.
The Paris Commune was a revolt agaisnt the French governenment which occurred in the wake of France’s defeat in the Franco-German War and the collapse of Napoleon III’s Second Empire.The French Third Republic rose out of the ashes of Napoleon III's Second Empire. -
Berlin conference over imperialism in Africa
1884-1885
There were over a dozen European countries metting to discuss the colonization of Africa.
Europe divded the continent of Africa with little to no concern for the culture of the continent, maps were redrawn and lands were claimed. -
Freud publishes"Interpretation of Dreams"
"Interpretation of Dreams" tells us the ideas that dreams are wish fulfillments, that dreams disguise the wishes of the unconscious, that dreams are always important and significant, and that dreams express infantile wishes—particularly for the death of the parent of the same sex as that of the dreamer—appear in this masterpiece of psychological interpretation. -
Einstein publishes relativity theory;Revolution of 1905
Albert Einstein determined that the laws of physics are the same for all non-accelerating observers, and that the speed of light in a vacuum was independent of the motion of all observers.
It introduced a new framework for all of physics and proposed new concepts of space and time. -
World Wars
1914-1945
The World Wars consisted of two wars WWI and WWII.
Both the wars ended with millions dead , and the Allies won in both wars as well. -
World War I begins
The assassination of Franz Ferdinand, the archduke of Austria-Hungary. His death at the hands of Gavrilo Princip – a Serbian nationalist with ties to the secretive military group known as the Black Hand – propelled the major European military powers towards war. Which started the war. (http://www.theweek.co.uk/world-news/first-world-war/59782/how-did-the-first-world-war-start#ixzz3NjAPiyhy) -
Bolshevik Revolution in Russia
The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia overturned the interim provisional government and established the Soviet Union. -
Treaty of Versailes ends World War I
Germany had finally surrendered and all the nations agreed to stop fighting while the terms of the treaty were being negotiated.
Germany and the Allied Nations all signed the treaty formally ending the war. -
Totalitarianism
1920-1945
Totalitarianism refers to a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator. The movement revolves around the idea of complete power and control. It's a political system where the state in control believes everything is possible. The main phenomena of totalitarianism is that you are told what to believe. -
Fascists and Mussolini come to power in Italy
Mussolini created Italy's Fascist party.
As unemployment soared and Italy descended into political anarchy, Mussolini's Fascist Party slowly gained support by running on a vehemently nationalist platform -
Great Depression begins
The Great Depression was the deepest and longest-lasting economic downturn in the history of the Western industrialized world. In the United States, the Great Depression began soon after the stock market crash of October 1929, which sent Wall Street into a panic and wiped out millions of investors. -
Hitler comes to power in Germany
Hitler's rise to power was based upon long-term factors - resentment in the German people.
The factors included the weakness of the Weimar system - which he exploited through propaganda (paid for by his rich, Communist-fearing backers), the terror of his stormtroopers, and the brilliance of his speeches. -
Munich conference-height of appeasement
Here Hitler met with representatives of the heads of state from France, the United Kingdom, and Italy.
An agreement was reached that Hitler could annex the Sudetenland provided he promised not to invade anywhere else. All four countries signed the agreement. -
World war II begins
It began with Poland being invaded by Nazi Germany. -
European Unity
1945-present
The nations began to officially unite in 1949 with the Council of Europe. In 1950 the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community expanded the cooperation.Later on, the Treaty of Rome was signed on March 25, 1957, thus creating the European Economic Community and allowing people and products to move throughout Europe. Throughout the decades additional countries joined the community. All the nations decided they needed Europe to be unified in order to stop all the wars. -
Cold War
1945-1991
A long period of tension between the democracies of the Western World and the communist countries of Eastern Europe. The west was led by United States and Eastern Europe was led by the Soviet Union they fought indirectly in proxy wars, the arms race, and the space race. -
World War II ends ; United Nations founded
WWII ended when Japan formally surrendered.
The UN is an international organization The United Nations is an international organization ; The UN consists of 51 countries committed to maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations and promoting social progress, better living standards and human rights. -
NATO formed
NATO was fomed to coordinate the military defenses of member nations against possible Soviet aggression -
European Coal and Steel Communit (ECSC) formed
The ECSC was designed to integrate the coal and steel industries in western Europe -
Stalin dies
Joseph Stalin was the dictator of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. the Soviet Union was transformed from a peasant society into an industrial and military superpower. However, he ruled by terror, and millions of his own citizens died during his brutal reign.
Stalin died at age 74, after suffering a stroke. His body was embalmed and preserved in Lenin’s mausoleum in Moscow’s Red Square . -
Khrushchev's de-Stalinization speech; Hungary revolt
The purpose of the de-Stalinization speech was to destroy the image of the late dictator as an infallible leader and to revert official policy to an idealized Leninist model. -
Treaty of Rome creates European Economic Community (EEC) ; Sputnik launched
The EEC treaty The EEC Treaty,brings together France, Germany, Italy and the Benelux countries in a community whose aim is to achieve integration via trade with a view to economic expansion. -
Fifth Republic in France under DeGaulle
DeGaulle pushed through a constitutional amendment that provided for direct popular election of the president, and in 1965 he became the first French president elected by popular vote. -
Berlin Wall erected
The Berlin Wall was both the physical division between West Berlin and East Germany and the symbolic boundary between democracy and Communism during the Cold War.
The Berlin Wall was erected in the dead of night and for 28 years kept East Germans from fleeing to the West. -
Cuban Missile Crisis
A U-2 spy plane flying over Cuba discovered nuclear missile sites under construction. These missiles would have been capable of quickly reaching the United States. President Kennedy called in a small group of senior officials to debate the crisis.Kennedy ordered a naval blockade of Cuba and all U.S. military forces to DEFCON 3 -
Second Vatican Council begins
The Second Vatican Council addressed relations between the Roman Catholic Church and the modern world. The council formally opened under the ponification of Pope XXIII. -
Student revolts; Czech "Prague Spring" revolt
The unrest began with a series of student occupation protests against capitalism, consumerism and traditional institutions, values and order. It then spread to factories with strikes involving 11,000,000 workers.The movement was characterized by its spontaneous and de-centralized wildcat disposition. The "Prague Spring" is a term used for the brief period of time when the government of Czechoslovakia wanted to democratise the nation and lessen the stranglehold Moscow had on the nation’s affair -
Helsinki Accords-height of detene
The Helsinki Accords concluded the Conference on Security and the Cooperation in Europe. The multifaceted Act addressed a range of prominent global issues and in so doing had a far-reaching effect on the Cold War and U.S.-Soviet relations. -
Soviet Union invades Afghanistan ;Thatcher elected prime minister in Britain
The Soviet Union sent thousands of troops into Afghanistan and immediately assumed complete military and political control of Kabul and large portions of the country.
Thatcher was the first female prime minister of Britain,and also a controversial figurehead of conservative ideology during her time in office. -
Solidarity founded in Poland
Solidarity shook and delegitimized the communist regime by exposing its ideological but false claims of being a free “workers’ state”. This popular movement created independent political space where alternative institutions, activities, and discourses could develop and flourish. Solidarity always pursued its political objectives with a high degree of nonviolent discipline as well as self-imposed limitations
(http://www.nonviolent-conflict.org/index.php/movements-and-campaigns/movements-and-camp -
Gorbachev comes to power in Soviet Union
Gorbachev won presidency, but with this it showed alot of his wekanesses which would make him lose his position in 1991.
In 1991,his domestic critics criticized him for the nation's terrible economic performance and faltering control over the Soviet empire. In December 1991 he resigned as president, and the Soviet Union dissolved. -
Berlin Wall falls and collapse of communism
The Berlin Wall was the most powerful symbol of the Cold War division of Europe. The collapse of the Berlin Wall was the peak of the revolutionary changes sweeping east central Europe in 1989.
The collapse of communism in east central Europe and the Soviet Union marked the end of the Cold War -
Break up of Soviet Union ; Balkan conflicts begin in former Yugoslavia
After the collaspe of the Soviet union , democratic changes swept across Europe including Yugoslavia.With the election of non-communist governments in four of Yugoslavia's six republics, the Federation began to crumble and ethnic divisions resurfaced. -
Maastricht Treaty creates European Union (EU)
The Maaastricht Treaty opened a new way of politcial integration.
It created a European Union consisting of three pillars.
The three pillars were:The European Communities, Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), and police and judicial cooperation in criminal matters (JHA). The Treaty introduced the concept of European citizenship, reinforced the powers of the European Parliament and launched economic and monetary union (EMU); the EEC becomes the European Community (EC). -
Euro currencey introduced
Having a single curency showed alot of advantages
some included :it lowers the costs of financial transactions, makes travel easier, strengthens the role of Europe at international level, etc -
Terrorist attacks on united states
19 militants associated with the Islamic extremist group al-Qaeda hijacked four airliners and carried out suicide attacks against targets in the United States. Two of the planes were flown into the towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, a third plane hit the Pentagon just outside Washington, D.C., and the fourth plane crashed in a field in Pennsylvania.(http://www.history.com/topics/9-11-attacks)
