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Shaffer mentions the Mongols as the "grand conquerors" of the 13th century
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In the 13th and 14th centuries, the Mongolian trade routes allowed a connection between Europe and Asia that allowed the idea of southernization to spread
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The Mongols had control over Asia and parts of Europe
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Under the Mongols, the trade routes in Europe and Asia opened up, and caused a lot of trade between Europe and Asia. This caused southernization to spread to Europe, she claims.
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In 1261, around when the Byzantines retook Constantinople, the trade routes shifted north due to the Mongols
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The Mongolians were found to be transmitting the plague through their saddlebags
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The Mongolian empire begins to give way to Muslim powers