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In 1494 King Charles V|| of France invaded Italy. This began a series of wars. England and the Popes became involved. The biggest impact of the wars was the exposure Europe got to ideas of the Italian Renaissance. The wars ended in 1559. -
Luther writes a letter to the Pope expressing his concern of the selling of indulgences among the Church. -
Peasants in Germany had high taxes and no power. This led to unrest and 10,000 peasants stormed castles and montaseries. Nobles and Martin Luther suppressed and denounced the uprising. -
A set of laws that ended the Pope's religious power in England and made Henry the 8th head of Church. -
John Calvin published a book expressing his ideas about God, salvation, and human nature. -
Ignatius of Loyola wrote a book about meditation, prayer, and study called "Spiritual Exercises". In 1540 he created a religious order called Society of Jesus, the members were Jesuits. These Jesuits focused on three activities, schools in Europe, converting non-christians to Catholicism, and stopping the spread of Protestantism. Paul |||, a Pope, approved the Jesuit order. -
The Church Court, or Roman Inquisition, was created to fight Protestantism and impose religious uniformity. They had harsh methods such as torture to force confessions and punish denial. Those accused of being Protestant, practicing witchcraft, or breaking church law were tried. Jews were either forced to leave Spain or be converted. The Church's image was damaged by their abuse of power. -
-Created the heliocentric theory which is that the sun stood at the center of the universe
-The 7 assumptions -
The Council of Trent was made up of Church leaders. During a council meeting in Trent, Italy, new agreements were created. The first agreement was that the Church's interpretation of the Bible was final. The next was that faith and good work was needed for salvation. And the final agreement was that the selling of indulgences was banned. -
An agreement created by the German princes allowing each prince to the pick the religion of their country. Either Lutheran or Catholic. -
After founding the Anglican Church, Elizabeth became head. Although this created religious peace in England, eventually Elizabeth was threatened to be overthrown by Catholics. She also had money problems during her reign. -
John Knox, a Scottish preacher, supported Calvinism. He spread Calvinist ideas throughout Scotland and his followers became Presbyterians. In the 1560's, nobles made Calvinism Scotland's official religion. -
Huguenots, Calvin's followers, and Catholics were violent with each other often. The most violent clash of all was the St. Bartholomew's day clash where Catholic mobs hunted and murdered Protestants. The massacre spread to other cities and lasted 6 months. As a result, 12,000 Huguenots were killed. It ended when King Henry became catholic. -
In 1598 King Henry's Edict of Nantes allowed religious freedom of Protestants. -
-built a telescope
-supported Copernicus's beliefs -
-created the experimental method also known as expiricism
-his understanding of the world led to practical knowledge and improved people's lives -
-developed analytical geometr
-relied on mathematics and logic -
-believed in a monarchy of the people handing their rights over to a strong ruler
-created the idea of a social contract -
-belived that everyone is born free with three human rights: life, liberty, and property
-believed that the purpose of the government is to protect rights and the citizens should overthrow it if they fail to do so -
-Created the theory of separation of powers
-Believed in natural rights -
-fought for freedom of religion
-fought for freedom of speech -
-did not believe that reason, science, and art would improve life
-believed that civilization corrupted people's natural goodness