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Spain and France fought over control of Italien peninsula. Series of wars. Spain won and took control of most of Italy -
Martin Luther is upset that the church is selling "Indulgences", and writes 95 theses and puts them on the church door. -
German peasants became angry because of high taxes and a lack of power. 10,000's of germans stormed castles and monasteries, and nobles harshly suppressed the revolt. The people thought that Martin Luther would support them, but he was against it. -
Defined the right of Henry VIII to be supreme head of the Church of England. -
A book that John Calvin wrote God, salvation, and human nature. -
The Jesuit movement was founded by Ignatius de Loyola, who sent out missionaries to convert people to Christianity. -
Nicolaus Copernicus believed in the Heliocentric theory; that the sun was the center of the universe. He also formulated the quantity theory of money. -
Catholic church established a court to fight Protestantism and impose religious uniformity. -
The council of chruch leaders called to Trent, Italy, where they decided on 4 doctrines relating to Christianity for the next pope, Paul IV to carry out. -
German princes met the Protestants and each ruler declared the religion of their own state. -
Elizabeth I restored England to Protestantism. -
John Knox became the leader of the Scottish reformation and reformed the church to Calvanism. -
Violence between Calvin's followers (Huguenots) and Catholics. Catholic mobs hunting and murdering Huguenots, massacre spread to other cities, lasted 6 months. -
Voltaire fought for tolerance, reason, religious freedom, and freedom of speech. He also made enemies with many powerful figures in England, and was sent to prison twice, and was exiled from England for over 2 years. -
Francis Bacon believed in the experimental method and urged scientists to use it. He also thought that people shouldn't rely on Aristotle's ideas and find new answers. -
King Henry IV signed the edict as a result of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. Granted religious tolerance and freedom of the Huguenots + Protestants. -
Galileo Galilei observed the solar system through a telescope, and he confirmed the idea that the sun is the center of the universe. -
René Descartes developed analytical geometry and had the philosophy of mathematics and logic rather than experimentation. -
Thomas Hobbes thought that the best government was an absolute monarchy, and that the government should impose order and demand obedience. -
John Locke favored the idea of self-government and criticized absolute monarchy. He believed all people were born equal with 3 fundamental human rights; life, liberty, and property. -
Baron de Montesquieu created the idea of checks and balances and thought that Britain was the best governed and politically balanced country. -
Jean-Jacques Rousseau won recognition as a writer of essays. He also was included in the U.S Bill of Rights, and French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.