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1517
Martin Luther Writes the 95 Theses
Luther took a stand against the choices of the church to sell indulgences. -
1524
Peasant's War
The peasants of Germany stormed the castles and monastery for more freedom. -
1527
Italian Wars
France and Spain fought for control of Italy. -
1534
Act of Supremacy in England
The Act of Supremacy was what accepted Henry as the head of the church rather than the Pope. -
1536
John Calvine Institutes of the Christian Religion
John Clavin wrote a book about God, salvation, and human nature. It was a summary of Protestant theology. -
1540
Jesuit Order Founded
The Jesuit Order founded schools and converted non-Christians to Catholicism. -
1540
Council of Trent
A meeting of Roman Catholic leaders to rule of doctrines. -
1542
Start of Roman Inquisition
A technique to fight Protestantism and have religious uniformity using harsh methods. -
1543
Nicolaus Copernicus publishes On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies
-The heliocentric theory-sun centered view of the universe
-Formulated the quantity theory of money (money supply has a direct proportional relationship with the price level) -
1555
Peace of Augsburg
I agreement was made that the religion of each German state would be made by it's own ruler. -
1558
Reign of Elizabeth I
Queen Elizabeth restored Protestantism and created the Anglican Church. She was a strong-willed and unpredictable lady. -
1560
Scotland Becomes Calvinist
John Knox made Scotland's official religion Calvinism. -
1572
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
12,000 Huguenots were killed, this fighting went on for years and ended when the leader, Henry of Navarre became Catholic. -
Francis Bacon publishes The Essay
He udged scientists to experiment. He believed in empiricism--the experimental method.
He thought people should stop relying on Aristotle's ideas and stop reasoning from abstract theories. -
Edict of Nantes
The Edict of Nantes created by Henry of Navarre to grant religious freedom to Protestants. -
Galileo Galilei publishes Starry Messenger
-observation through telescope of the solar system
-confirmed the idea that the sun is the center of the planets -
Rene Descartes publishes Discourse on Method
He developed analytical geometry.
He preferred mathematics and logic to experimentation. -
Thomas Hobbes publishes Leviathan
He believed that the best government was an absolute monarchy.
He also believed that government should impose order and demand obedience. -
Baron de Montesquieu Publishes The Spirits of Laws
Montesquieu believed that Britain was the best-governed and most politically balanced country in his day.
He called division of power among different branches the separation of power and he created the idea of checks and balances. -
Voltaire publishes Candide
He fought for telerance, reason, religious freedom, and freedom of speech.
He was sent to prison twice and expelled from England for 2 years. -
Jean-Jacques Rousseau publishes The Social Contract
-he won recognition as a writer of essays
-Guaranteed in the U.S Bill of Rights and French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen -
John Locke Publishes Two Treatises on Government
He favored the idea of self-government.
He criticized an absolute monarchy.
