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  Chester Barnard
 1. Organizations depend on the willingness of participants
 2. Participants must contribute toward a common rational purpose
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  Alvin Gouldner 3 possible responses to a formal bureaucratic structure.
 -Mock: formal rules are ignored by management and labor
 -Punishment-Centered: management attemts to enforce rules that workers resist
 -Representative: rules are enforced and obeyed
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  Philip Selznick 4 styles of leadership
 -Job-centered
 -Benevolent authorities
 -Consultative
 -Participative
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  Gretzels & Guba 2 dimensions shape organizations
 -Nomothetic
 -Idiographic
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  Rensis Likert Identified four styles of leadership; job-centered, benevolent authorities, consultative, and participative.