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The Roman Empire ended due to attacks from multiple tribes, causing the fall of Rome. https://www.historyextra.com/period/roman/fall-of-rome-how-why-when-roman-empire-collapse-romulus-augustulus/
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Justinian I reigned as emperor of the Byzantine Empire from 527 to 565 CE. Justinian is credited as one of the greatest emperors in late Roman and Byzantine history. His achievements in the fields of art, architecture, legal reform, and conquest are remarkable by the standards of any leader in history.
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/just/hd_just.htm -
France, Frankish leader Charles Martel, a Christian, defeats a large army of Spanish Moors, stopping the Muslim advance into Western Europe. Victory at Tours ensured the ruling dynasty of Martel’s family, the Carolingians.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Martel -
For three years Charlemagne ruled with his younger brother Carloman. When Carloman died suddenly in 771, Charlemagne became sole ruler. Charlemagne defeats the Saxons and establishes Christianity in Saxony. Charlemagne expands his kingdom through military conquest. Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III.
https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/charlemagne#:~:text=Charlemagne%20(c.,the%20Netherlands%20and%20western%20Germany. -
Vikings began to settle outside of Scandinavia. In the 9th century they settled portions of Great Britain, Germany, and Iceland. In the 10th century northeastern Europe including Russia. They also settled along the coast of northern France, where they established Normandy. One Viking, Leif Eriksson, son of Erik the Red, actually made it to North America. He started a brief settlement in present day Canada.
https://www.history.com/topics/exploration/vikings-history -
After the Battle of Hastings, William had to conquer England. He received the surrender took hostages to ensure that the surrender was kept. King William introduced system of control and authority across the land, that we know of as Feudalism. Feudalism meant that the country was not governed by the king but by individual lords, or barons, who ran or administered their own estates, looked after justice, law and order, and demanded military service, farm work from their vassals. www.britannica.
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The Rurikid dynasty was founded in 862 by Rurik, a Varangian prince. The Rus' people originated in what is currently coastal eastern Sweden around the eighth century.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rurik -
Claiming his right to the English throne, William, duke of Normandy, invades England at Pevensey on Britain’s southeast coast. His defeat of King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings marked the beginning of a new era in British history.
https://www.ancient.eu/Norman_Conquest_of_England/ -
The Crusades were a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims started mainly to secure control of holy sites considered sacred by both groups. In all, eight major Crusade expeditions occurred between 1096 and 1291.
https://www.britannica.com/event/Crusades -
The Golden Horde, also known as the Kipchak Khanate, ruled Eastern Russia from 1240 to 1480. The name possibly came from the golden color of the ruling khans’ yurts (tent-like dwellings). Unlike the Mongols of the Far East, who settled in cities, the Golden Horde kept its ancestors’ nomadic way of life and considered other nomads west of traditional Mongolian territory.
https://www.ancient.eu/Golden_Horde/ -
The name 100 Year War describe the long conflict that put the kings and kingdoms of France and England against each other from 1337 to 1453. The end of the conflict was never marked by a peace treaty but died out because the English recognized that the French troops were too strong to be directly confronted.
https://www.britannica.com/event/Hundred-Years-War -
Black Death was a pandemic that devastated Europe between 1347 and 1351, taking a fairly greater toll of life than any other known epidemic or war up to that time.
https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/black-death -
Joan of Arc was a national heroine of France, a peasant girl who, believing that she was acting under divine guidance, led the French army in a historic victory at Orléans that repelled an English attempt to conquer France during the Hundred Years’ War.
https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/saint-joan-of-arc -
Conquest of Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire. The shrinking Byzantine Empire came to an end when the Ottomans breached Constantinople’s ancient land wall after overpowering the city for 55 days. The fall of the city removed what was once a powerful defense for Christian Europe against Muslim invasion, allowing for uninterrupted Ottoman expansion into eastern Europe.
https://www.ancient.eu/article/1180/1453-the-fall-of-constantinople/
