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First arrival of enslaved Africans to shores of US colonies https://www.americanheritage.com/1619-year-shaped-america
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By 1700 20,000 Black people lived in the colonies
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Swedish botanist, Carolus Linneaus publishes, Systema Naturae, which established taxonomies of the natural world, including human racial classifications.
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By 1776 Blacks constituted 20% of the US population at 550,000.
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Includes his reflections on slavery and his support of repatriation of Blacks back to Africa as a means of emancipation. https://pages.uoregon.edu/mjdennis/courses/wk7_notes.html
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Samuel Morton publishes Crania Americana, in which Morton attributes cranial size to racial intelligence. https://www.zmescience.com/other/crania-americana-influential-book-scientific-racism/
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Known as the "father of gynecology" Sims refined his life saving techniques that would earn him notable fame throughout the world, by experimenting on enslaved women provided by their owners. Sims conducted his excruciating experiments without providing the women anesthesia.
https://www.npr.org/transcripts/466942135 -
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Harvard trained sociologist and activist, DuBois argued that the differences in health outcomes for blacks and whites had more do with living conditions, than genetics.
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Samual Phillips Verner "gifts" Ota Benga, an Mbutu widower whom Verner kidnapped from what is now known as the Republic of Congo, and displayed in his World Fair exhibit, to the Bronx Zoological Garden.
