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Microscope: First Discovery of the Microscope
•Zacharia Jansen and his father Blans Jansen put several lenses in a tube noticed that the object at the end was greatly enlarged, larger than any normal magnifying glass.
•Images were only 9x larger and blurry. -
Microscope: Antony Van Leeuwenhoek's first actual Microscope
•Antony Van Leeuwenhoek built the first real microscope.
•Hand held metal holder with a single convex glass with a small glass ball in the lens.
•Magnification was 270x.
•Allowed humans to see bacteria, blood cells, and yeast for the first time. -
History of Hospitals: Modernized Hospitals
•By now, the modern hospital began to appear
•Only served medical needs
•Staffed with trained physicians and surgeons
•Nurses were untrained workers -
History of Hospitals: Voluntary Hospitals
•1710-1730
•The voluntary hospital movement began, with hospitals being founded in London and other British cities by wealthy merchants and private subscriptions
•Hospitals such as Westminster Hospital, St. Bartholomew’s, and The London hospital
•Voluntary hospitals also spread to colonial America
•The spread of modernized hospitals took place during the enlightenment -
Smallpox Vaccine: The Start to Edward Jenner's Career
•Edward Jenner, at age 13, was apprenticed to a country’s surgeon and apothecary in Sodbury, where he heard a milkmaid say that she’ll never have smallpox because she’s already had cowpox.
•His love for science began to grow. -
Smallpox Vaccine: Jenner's First Test
•Jenner found a young milkmaid, Sarah Nelms, and used the matter from her fresh cowpox lesions, he inoculated an 8-year old boy, James Phipps, with it.
•James Phipps subsequently developed a mild fever and discomfort, followed by losing his appetite.
•But the next following days, he felt much better. -
Smallpox Vaccine: Second inoculation on Boy
•Jenner inoculated the boy again, this time with matter from a fresh smallpox lesion.
•No disease was developed. -
Smallpox Vaccine: Jenner publishes his theory
•1798-1800
•Jenner privately published (after being rejected by The Royal Society) a 3 part booklet/paper.
•In it, he presented his views regarding the origin of the cowpox, his hypothesis was that infection with cowpox protects against subsequent infection with smallpox, and his finding and a variety of issues related to smallpox.
•Vaccine became popular in London.
•Got the attention of Benjamin Waterhouse, a professor at Harvard University, and even Thomas Edison. -
Smallpox Vaccine: Vaccine Replacing Variolation
•Received worldwide recognition and many honours.
•The British Parliament granted him £30,000.
•Gradually, vaccine replaced variolation. -
History of Hospitals: Better Equipment
•The Apothecaries Act demanded for medical students to practice for at least 6 months at a hospital as part of their training
•Resuscitation rooms and trauma situations now was prepared with highly technical equipment -
Blood Transfusions: First Successful One on Human (Published)
•James Blundell performs the first human blood transfusion, on a severe postpartum hemorrhage.
•He drew 4 ounces of blood from the patient’s husband using a syringe, and successfully transfused it into the patient.
•Blundell did tests on animals, and found that as long as the blood was transfused in a short amount of time, a transfusion would be successful with a syringe, even after put in a container
•Also discovered the importance of letting all the air out of a syringe before the transfusion. -
Blood Transfusions: The Incline to Popularity
•Between 1825 and 1830, Dr. Blundell did 10 blood transfusions, and publishing 5 of them, leading many people to become aware -
History of Hospitals: Florence Nightingale
•Florence Nightingale pioneered the modern profession of nursing
•She set an example of compassion and dedication to patient care as well as hospital sanitation
•The Nightingale School Of Nurses was the first official nurse training program -
Microscope: Ernst Abbe discovers the Abbe sine condition
•Ernst Abbe’s microscope could take in a cone of light that was as wide as possible.
•He determined the physical laws that govern the collection of light by an objective and enlarged this collection by using water and oil immersion lenses. -
Microscope: Zeiss' Refinements, Schott's optical improvement, and Abbe's easier manufacturing rpocess
•Carl Zeiss (German engineer and lense manufacturer) began making refinements to the lenses he made.
•Zeiss hired Otto Schott (who conducted research on the optical glass) and together they greatly improved the optical quality of the microscope.
•Zeiss also worked with Ernst Abbe, and they improved the manufacturing process of the optical instruments, such as the use of a condenser to provide strong, even illumination, and a clearer understanding of the magnification limits. -
Blood Transfusion: Discovery of the Blood Types
•Austrian physician, Karl Landsteiner, discovers the first three human blood groups, A, B, and C.
•Blood type C was later changed to O.
•His colleagues Alfred Decastello and Adriano Sturli also discovered AB, the fourth type, in 1902.
•Landsteiner receives the Nobel Prize for Medicine for this discovery in 1930. -
Microscope: Invention of the Ultramicroscope
•Richard Zsigmondy invents the ultramicroscope, which lets the human eye observe specimens below the wavelength of light.
•The method is based on light scattering, not light reflection.
•For looking at dispersed particles in liquid or gas colloid. -
Blood Transfusions: First Surgical Blood Transfusion
•George Washington Crile, co-founder of the Cleveland Clinic, was the first surgeon who used direct blood transfusion in surgery -
Blood Transfusions: Discovery of The Specialty of Type O Blood
•Hektoen suggests that the safety of transfusions could be improved by cross matching blood between donors and patients to lower the chance of incompatible mixtures.
•Reuben Ottenberg performs the first blood transfusion using blood typing and crossmatching in New York.
•Ottenberg also observed the similarity of blood groups and recognized the “universal” utility of group O donors. -
History of Hospital: From Catholic Funded to Government Funded
•In the United States, number of hospitals reached 4400, with 420,000 beds each
•Up until then, most of the staff was unpaid nuns, but now it’s mostly trained doctors and nurses -
Blood Transfusions: Blood Being Stored after Collection
•Francis Rous and J.R.Turner introduce a citrate-glucose solution that allows blood to be stored for several days after it’s drawn.
•Blood is stored in containers for later transfusion aids the transition from the vein-to-vein method to indirect transfusion
•This discovery led to the first blood depot by the British during World War I
