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500
Hospitals
The idea of a place to treat injured people with special equipment. -
Period: 500 to Dec 31, 1300
Middle Ages
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Nov 1, 754
First Pharmacy
The first pharmacy was established in Baghdad in the year 754. -
Jan 5, 800
Medical Talk
The Arabs were the great translators and synthesizers of medical texts. Many Greek texts were translated first into Arabic and then into Hebrew. -
Jan 1, 1000
Medical Schools
By the twelfth century, there were medical schools throughout Europe. The most famous was the school of Salerno in southern Italy, reputedly founded by a Christian, an Arab, and a Jew. -
Jan 1, 1231
Start of medical school
In 1231 Frederick II promulgated a set of laws concerning medical education standards and licensure that were far ahead of his time. -
Period: Jan 1, 1301 to
Renaissance
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Dec 1, 1450
Medicine
before the 1450s, medicine was largely based on theories. There was little research into what medical practices and cures actually worked. -
Jan 1, 1478
Girolamo Fracastoro
He was the first doctor to have suggested that human diseases may be caused by pathogens. He further stated that these pathogens came from outside the body and could be passed from one human to the other through direct and indirect contact. -
Jan 1, 1545
Andreas Vesalius
He wrote a book known as “De Humaini Corporis Fabrica”. This book became a very important book ever written on the human anatomy. He dissected corpses and examined them after which he detailed the human anatomy. -
Travel of medicine
European travels to America and Asia led to the arrival of new ingredients for medicines. Rhubarb from Asia was widely used to purge the bowels. The bark of the cinchona tree was imported from South America because of its effectiveness in treating fevers. -
re- birth
After the black death many survivors decided to go to school and many became doctors and brought back early ideas of medicine. -
Period: to
Industrial Revolution
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Spread of disease
Poor water supplies in the 18th century meant that disease could spread through cities easily. -
Wilhelm Conrad
Wilhelm Conrad had a major in physics and was the first person to discover the X-Ray. -
Edward Jenner
Edward Jenner was a scientist that experimented with cowpox for several years. He discovered that there were two forms of the disease and that only one could help the human body build an immunity against smallpox. -
spread of Tphyiods
Typhoid is a disease that inflames the intestines and is spread through contact with the infection. -
First artifical heart
Dr. William DeVries implants the Jarvik-7 artificial heart into patient Barney Clark. Clark lives 112 days. -
Period: to
Modern World
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Blood Transfusion
First successful human blood transfusion using Landsteiner's ABO blood typing technique -
Discovery of vitamins
Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins suggests the existence of vitamins and concludes they are essential to health. Receives the 1929 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. -
Pacemaker
Paul Zoll develops the first cardiac pacemaker to control irregular heartbeat. -
measles
Firstvaccine for measles. -
End of Smallpox
W.H.O. (World Health Organization) announces smallpox is eradicated. -
Human Genome
First draft of human genome is announced; the finalized version is released three years later. -
Period: to
21st Century
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Mini-liver
A "mini-liver"—the size of a small coin—is generated from human cord blood stem cells by doctors at Newcastle University, U.K. -
Embryonic Stem Cells
Scientists discover how to use human skin cells to create embryonic stem cells. -
First Artificial Kidney
The FDA approves the first human clinical trials in the United States for a wearable artificial kidney designed by Blood Purification Technologies Inc. -
DNA annalist
In March, DNA from an extinct woolly mammoth is spliced into that of an elephant. Scientists then successfully use the "revived" DNA to sequence the mammoth's complete genome.
