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CORE was Founded
Congress of Racial Equality was a group that wanted to end segregation through nonviolent actions
- One of their peaceful protests in a coffee shop made national news and it spread that there were groups like this
- It started in the north making actions there and then moved south into deeper segregated states -
Jamie Robinson Hired to the Brooklyn Dodgers
The color line was a barrier that separated whites from blacks created by laws
- Jackie Robinson was the first African American to enter into the MLB and play pro baseball
- He was tormented by the other teams and resented by his teammates but he kept his win high and overcame those hardships and inspired other sports to integrate -
Executive Order 9981
Executive Order 9981 was the order that ended segregation in the military
- This order made sure everyone in the military that was fighting for our freedom were all treated equally and fairly
- This happened after a black soldier used the wrong bathroom and a white soldier beat him so bad he was blind. And it made Truman want to end segregation in the military -
Advocates for Black Nationalism
Malcom X was the Nation of Islam's most well known preacher. He started learning when he was in jail after being a rascal of a child
Th Nation of Islam isa group that promoted complete separation from white society by establishing black businesses, schools, and communities
- many people looked to him for advice because he was well known and many people adored him
- The Nation of Islam helped many blacks in the deep south gets jobs and go to school. But than he left and got assassinated -
Brown v. Board of Education Ruling
Brown vs Board of education is a court case where they ruled segregation in schools is unconstitutional
Class-Action Lawsuit is a lawsuit that an individual files but could benefit a larger group of people
- Thurgood Marshall was the lead lawyer for the NAACP and brought up how segregation was effecting the young black children
- they ruled that segregating schools was unconstitutional and they were deprived from the equal protection as is says in the Fourteenth Amendment -
Integration of Central High School
The Little Rock 9 were the first 9 students in Little Rock, Arkansas to begin integrating Central High School
- Their first day of school at Central High, the school had to call in the National Guard because all of the students started a mob that surrounded the students, harassed them and much worse
- the 9 students were kept out of school for many days to follow because they feared much worse than what had happened the first day -
First Lunch Counter Sit Ins
A sit in is where civil rights protesters come in and sit in a business and refuse to leave therefore causing the business to lose customers
-The sit in occurred at a small drugstore when the waitress said only whites would be served they still sat and refused to leave until the store closed
-the next day they came back, but with 20 other people and still sat all day without service
-this captured national news attention and made other people like the ones in Nashville want to do the same thing -
Freedom Rides
The SNCC was a group of college students who organized nonviolent civil rights protests
Civil Disobedience is a nonviolent way to protest a law that they think to be unjust
- The freedom riders were a group of people that got on buses to test if the law of the highway was followed and obeyed in the south
- Almost every stop they made the was people and mobs waiting there to ambush them and harass them and beat them and torment them to give up but they continued on -
Letter From a Birmingham Jail
The SCLC was a civil rights organization that focused on nonviolent ways to end segregation.
- There was an ad in the paper that was saying blacks need to negotiate with the whites to make "fair" laws
- MLK responded the the ad saying “justice too long delayed is justice denied.” -
March on Washington
NAACP is an organization where they want a society in which all individuals have equal rights without discrimination based on race
- It happened on Washington Street and over 250,000 people participated.
- Many of them sang an held hands while they marched. It was the largest political gathering in the US -
Montgomery Bus Boycotts
The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a boycott of all of the busses in that city
- it eventually led to the bus system being integrated for good
- It was led by Martin Luther King Jr, a 26 year old man who would eventually lead a revolution
- they developed a carpool system so that everyone could still function just without using the busses to prove a point
- Ti was inspired when Rosa Parks a black women did not give up her seat to a white woman -
The Civil Rights Act of 1964
Plessey v Ferguson was a court case that fought for upheld state racial segregation laws for public facilities
- It ruled there can be no discrimination based on race, sex, religion, and nation origin.
- It was the most influential law for civil rights since Reconstruction -
Civil Rights Act of 1968
Discrimination is the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people
- The bill ended discrimination among housing no matter is you were paying or buying or renting
- It gave the government the ability to file lawsuits against people who were not following the law -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Disenfranchise was when you deprive someone the right to vote
- It denied literary test and other things to prevent African Americans from voting
- The number of of registered black voters in Mississippi went up 52% after this bill was passed -
Watts Riot
Kerner Commission is the commission that concluded white racism and was the cause of Watts Riot
Ghettos are places where many riots take place, Watts ghetto is where Watts riot took place
-The riot lasted 6 days and up to 34 people were killed during it
- The main reason the riots started were because police were being way too brutal -
Black Panther Party Founded
Black power was a group of activist that were not focused on nonviolent protesting
SNCC is the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
- Blacks and the nation of Islam were influenced by the leaders Malcom X, Huey Newton, and Bobby Steele
- were okay with violence, had a 10 point platform to achieve their goals while making a change -
Swann v. Charlotte Mecklenburg Board of Education
desegregation is the ending of serperating people by race
- school district and the black students who were being bussed to the school
-bussing is a way for schools to desegregate -
Bakke v. Regents of the University of California
Affirmative Action an action that calls on employers to actively seek to increase the number of minorities in their workforce
- This case was against the university was all because they weren't really accepting many minorities into their college and that was considered illegal
- It was ruled what they were doing was unconstitutional because it was against the Affirmative Action
