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Qing Dynasty
Known as the Manchu Qing dynasty, very weak (1644-1911), overthrown due to rural unrest, originating from the idea that China needed a more Western-style government -
Period: to
Opium Wars
The First Opium War was between China and the United Kingdom, caused by the Chinese government's campaign prevent trafficking by British merchants -
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Boxer Rebellion
anti-foreign, anti-colonial, and anti-Christian uprising in China -
1911 Revolution
began through change that led towards military dictatorship in the short term and disintegrating China to independent provinces that were ‘micro-managed’ and led by local warlords, including those allied to nationalist Guomindang -
GMD Formed
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Republic Established
Sun Yet Sen declared president & formal republic established -
Russian Comintern Established
the goal of spreading Marxist revolution beyond Russia, which encouraged the formation of the CCP -
4th of May Movement
caused by disappointment with TOV after WW1 and resent towards Japan -
March of July 4th
provoked after the 1919 Treaty of Versailles gave formerly German-controlled Chinese land to Japan
in Beijing -
Communist Manifesto
Marx's Communist Manifesto published in Chinese -
CCP created
founded in China by Mao, Chen Duxiu, and Li Dazhao -
Jiang Jieshi
took over the GMD -
Northern Expedition
Military campaign by National Revolutionary Army (NRA) of the KMT (aka Chinese Nationalist Party) against the Beiyang government + other warlords regionally. -
Shanghai Massacre
5-10,000 communists killed (April 12) along with the Labour leader Wang Shouhua on (April 11). This happened because Jiang turned on the communists and wanted to control Shanghai’s city -
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Five Encirclement Campaigns
a series of battles fought between September 1933 and October 1934 -
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Jiangxi Soviet
the independent, peasant-based government in the Jiangxi providence of south-eastern China, established in 1931 by Mao and the communists; headquarters in Ruijin, covered 10,000 square miles -
Period: to
The Long March
The Long March was Mao’s infamous strategy beginning in October 1934 until October 20, 1935 where Mao led the main body of the CCP to Shaanxi from Jiangxi, spanning 8,000 miles, with only 5,000 of 100,000 original marchers surviving. -
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Second Sino-Japanese War
briefly reunited the GMD and CCP against a common threat– the Japanese– however Jiang attacked the CCP in 1941, further diminishing Jiang’s prestige, especially as it allowed the CCP to advertise themselves as the only true Chinese patriots. Despite the GMD’s failure during this war, the Allies were ready to acknowledge the legitimacy of Jiang’s army. -
Rectification Campaigns
removed people considered disloyal, and forced them to admit their crimes/secrets -
Battle of Huaihai
In the Battle of Huaihai Chen Yi managed to encircle and destroy the nationalist forces. The battle resulted in 600,000 nationalist losses. The battle had covered 4 provinces and was 65 days long. -
Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference
produced a temporary constitution that allowed other parties to participate although communism was the most apparent party -
Period: to
Moderate Capitalism
unaffected from control by the GMD
the state held ownership of heavy industry and banking businesses -
National Women's Association
also called the All-China Women’s Federation. This is a women’s rightest organization. -
People's Republic of China
Mao established the People’s Republic of China with himself as the chairman -
Resist America & Aid Korea Campaign
One of 4 mass mobilization campaigns, where rallies were held to incite suspicion against foreigners, particularly Westerners. US foreigners, like missionaries, were arrested and targeted due to the US involvement in Korea, and Christian churches were closed. With the suppression of Christianity, by the end of 1950, China’s links to the West were closed to foreigners, besides Russians. -
Marriage Law
outlawed arranged marriages, child betrothals, paying dowries (the property/money that a woman gave her husband when they married), concubinage (concubine = a woman who lives with a man and has sexual relations with him, but ranks lower than his wife). Official registration of marriage was made possible. Divorce was possible by consent or if either the husband or wife was unhappy. If one was forced into an arranged marriage, they could ‘petition for divorce’ -
Ethnic Minorities
called ethnic minorities to identify themselves & promised them a degree of autonomy
400 groups did so
split into 50 groups with military supervision & forced to follow communism -
Occupation of Tibet
Took 6 months to get Tibet
Renamed it Xizang
Moved Tibetans to other parts of China & moved Han Chinese in
Han Chinese were the dominant Chinese race (largest ethnic group in the world) -
Sino-Soviet Friendship Treaty
$300,000,000 worth of Russian loans (were repaid with low interest/were able to pay them back through food exports)
11,000 Soviet experts travelled to China while 28,000 Chinese were trained in the Soviet Union -
Campaign Against Superstition
By labeling religion as superstition, Mao was able to take control over it. This allowed Mao to limit opposition in a way that was technically legal. -
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Suppression of Counter-Revolutionaries Campaign
Another of the 4 campaigns, however it targeted links to the GMD, criminal gangs, and religious sects that opposed communism. It resulted in denunciations (public condemnations) and public executions. -
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Korean War
Within the divisions of China, the important division between the CCP and non-communists grew, which was encouraged by the Korean War because it heightened worries on the reliability of non-communists. -
Three Antis Campaign
Launched by Mao in Manchuria, the Three Antis Campaign focused on corruption, waste, and bureaucracy within the CCP. -
Five Antis Campaign
These antis imposed were meant to target capitalists. The antis consisted of bribery, theft of state property, tax evasion, cheating on government contracts, and stealing state economic intelligence. -
Election Law
gave women the right to vote!!!
some women joined the government and the PLA -
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Five Years Plan
Peasants formed agricultural ‘collectives’, results were unsatisfactory; Great Leap Forward – ‘Communes’ linked agricultural and industrial production, massive schemes using willpower, increase in steel production, but steel was worthless and economic growth decreased. -
National People's Congress
the National People’s Congress was formed with the formation of China as a single-party state. Mao, the chairman of the NPC, became the head of the government -
Constitution
declaring China a single-party state
Mao became the head of the government -
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The Hundred Flowers Campaign
A campaign that promoted the expression of opinions that people held in regard to the CCP. The name of the campaign is inspired by Mao Zedong’s expression, “The policy of letting a hundred flowers bloom and a hundred schools of thought contend is designed to promote the flourishing of the arts and the progress of science.” This campaign did not go over very well and led Mao to persecute any opposers. -
Censorship
Mao called off 100 Flowers Campaign in July 1957 reimposed censorship -
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Anti-rightist Campaign
sought to remove any and all rightists from the CCP and even the nation. Although there was not a definitive definition for who was considered a rightist, those who opposed the left or were believed to favor capitalism were persecuted. Some 550,000 people (some even argue 1-2 million) were persecuted during this period. -
Four Pests Campaign
Mao outlawed flies, mosquitoes, rats and sparrows -
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Great Leap Forward
A campaign started by Mao in order to transform their Agriculture based economy into that of a communist society. Mao wanted to achieve this through the implementation of people’s communes. Many people died of starvation due to this campaign. -
Lushan Conference
from 1959 to 1961 there was a severe famine and 20 to 50 million died. This conference was a chance to address this famine, however most did not acknowledge the issues or take responsibility. But Peng Dehuai did. At this conference, Peng Dehuai told Mao that the GLF and China’s break with the Soviet Union were mistakes. As a result of this criticism, Mao dismissed Peng from his position as defense minister. This revealed that criticism and independent thought would be punished. -
Sino-Indian War
A war between China and India from October to November 1962. A flare-up of the Sino-Indian border dispute. -
Little Red Book Published
A small book containing quotes from Mao (commonly from his speeches or writings) which were printed and distributed up until his death in 1976. Many were distributed during the Cultural Revolution. -
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Cultural Revolution
A movement started by Mao that served to purge the nation of capitalistic ideas and traditions. This purge continued up until Mao’s death in 1976.