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Period: 4000 BCE to 3000 BCE
Early Beginnings
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3900 BCE
Disease caused by?
Evil spirits -
3600 BCE
Treatment for Sick?
Exorcisms -
3100 BCE
Medicines Used Today?
- Digitalis
- Quinine
- Belladonna and atropine -Morphine
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Period: 2999 BCE to 399 BCE
Ancient Times
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2900 BCE
Ancient Egyptians
Health records:
- Earliest people to keep accurate health records. Who are physicians:
- Priests How did they heal:
- Bloodletting: (with the use of leeches) -
1900 BCE
Ancient Chinese
Development of Accupuncture:
- They figured out they could use stone tools to heal people and now they still use it today. -
900 BCE
Ancient Greeks
Illness cause Nature vs. Spiritual:- First to study that causes of disease and determine illness may have natural, rather than spiritual, causes. (Helped eliminate superstition)
- During the ancient times, religious customs did not allow bodies to be dissected.
- The father of medicine, Hippocrates based his knowledge of anatomy and physical biology on observation of the external body.
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100
Ancient Romans
Sanitization System:- The Roman’s learned from the Greeks that disease was caused by lack of sanitation; this was the beginning to public health and sanitation.
- The Roman’s were the first to organize medical care.
- They (the Romans) sent medical equipment and physicians with their armies to care for wounded soldiers. Romans physicians kept a room in their houses for the ill. This was the beginning of hospitals.
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Period: 400 to 800
Dark Age
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500
What stopped the study medicine?
- The study of medicine was stopped when the Roman Empire was conquered by the Huns (nomads from the north) and for a period of 1,000 years, medicine was practiced in only convents and monasteries - because the church believed life and dead were in God’s hands.
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700
How do they treat disease?
- Primary treatment for disease was prayer however, medicine consisted of herbal mixtures.
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Period: 800 to 1400
Middle Age
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1100
Epidemics
- Epidemics caused million of death during this period. Bubonic plague (the Black Death) alone killed 60 million people.
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Period: 1350 to
Renaissance
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1450
Rebirth?
During this period new scientific progress began. Many developments happened during this period.- The building of universities and medical schools for research.
- The search for new ideas about disease rather than the unquestioned acceptance of disease as the will of god.
- The acceptance of dissection of the body for study.
- The development of the printing press and the publishing of books, allowing greater access to knowledge from research.
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Period: 1501 to
16th and 17th Centuries
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1515
Leonardo da Vinci
- Leonardo de Vinci studied and record the anatomy of the body.
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1550
Gabrielle Fallopius
- Gabriele Fallopius discovered the fallopion tubes of the female anatomy.
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1563
Bartolommeo Eustachio
Bartolommeo Eustachio discovered the tube leading from the ear to the throat (Eustachian tube). -
William Harvey
William Harvey used huis knowledge to understand physical biology, and he was able to describe the circulation of blood and the pumping of the heart. -
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope, establishing that there is life smaller than the eye can see. Van Leeuwenhoek scraped his teeth and found the bacteria that causes tooth decay. Although it was not eat realized, the germs that causes tooth decay disease were now visible. -
Apothecaries
Apothecaries, early pharmacies, started. In this time. In medieval England, these apothecaries engaged in a flourishing trade in drugs and spices from the East. -
Period: to
18th Century
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Benjamin Franklin
He discovered bifocals, additionally he found that colds could be passed from person to person. -
Medical students learning
Students not only attended lectures in the classroom and laboratory, but also observed patients at the bedside. When a patient died, they dissected the body and were able to observe the disease process. Thus led to a better understanding of the causes or illness and death. -
Joseph Priestly
Discovered the element oxygen. He also observed that plants refresh air that had lost its oxygen, making it usable for respiration. -
Edward Jenner
Discovered a method of vaccination for smallpox. Smallpox killed many people in epidemics. His discovery saved millions of lives. His discovery also led to immunization and to preventive medicine in public health. -
Rene Laennec
Invented the stethoscope. The first stethoscope was made of wood. It increased the ability to hear the heart and lungs, allowing doctors to determine if disease was present. -
Period: to
19th and 20th Centuries
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Ignaz Semmelweis
Identified the cause of childbed fever (puerperal fever). Large numbers of women died from this fever after giving birth. Semmelweis noted that patients of midwives (women who delivered babies but were not physicians) had fewer deaths. -
Florence Nightingale
Florence Nightingale attracted well-educated, dedicated woman to the Nightingale School of Nursing. The graduates from this school raised the standards of nursing, and nursing became a respectable profession. -
Louis Pasteur
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895), known as the "Father of Microbiology, discovered that tiny microorganisms were everywhere. Through his experiments and studies, he proved that microorganisms cause disease. Before this discovery, doctors thought that microorganisms were created by disease. He also discovered that heating milk prevented the growth of bacteria. Pasteurization kills bacteria in milk. We still use this method to treat milk today. He created a vaccine for rabies in 1885. -
Dmitri Ivanovski
Dmitri Ivanovski discovered that some diseases are caused by microorganisms that cannot be seen with a microscope. They are called viruses, These viruses were not studied until the electron microscope was invented in Germany. -
Joseph Lister
Joseph Lister learned about Pasteur's discovery that microorganisms cause infection. He used carbolic acid on wounds to kill germs that cause infection. He became the first doctor to use an antiseptic during surgery. Using an antiseptic during surgery helped prevent infection in the incision. -
Ernst von Bergmann
Ernst von Bergmann developed asepsis. He knew from Lister's and Pasteur's research that germs caused infections in wounds. He developed a method to keep an area germ-free before and during surgery. This was the beginning of asepsis. -
Robert Koch
Robert Koch discovered many disease-causing organisms. He developed the culture plate method to identify pathogens and also isolated the bacterium that causes tuberculosis. He also introduced the importance of cleanliness and sanitation in preventing the spread of disease. -
Paul Ehrlich
Paul Ehrlich discovered the effect of medicine on disease-causing micro-organisms. His treatment was effective against some micro-organisms but was not effective in killing other bacteria. His discoveries brought about the use of chemicals to fight disease. -
Wilhelm Roentgen
Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-rays in 1895. He took the very first picture using x-rays of his wife’s hand. His discovery allowed doctors to see inside the body and helped them discover what was wrong with the patient. -
Anesthesia
Before the 19th century, surgery was preformed on patients without anesthesia. Early physicians used herbs, hashish, and alcohol to help relieve the pain of surgery. They ever choked patients to caused unconsciousness to stop pain. Many patients died from shock and pain. However in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries nitrous oxide (for dental care), ether and chloroform were discovered. Drugs that have the ability to put people into a deep sleep so they do not experience pain during surgery. -
Sir Alexander Fleming
Sir Alexander Fleming found that penicillin killed life threatening bacteria. The discovery of penicillin is considered one of the most important discoveries of the 20th century. -
Sigmund Frued
Sigmund Freud discovered the conscious and unconscious parts of the mine. He studied the effects of the unconscious mind on the body. He determined that the mind and body work together. His studies were the biases of psychology and psychiatry. -
Gerhard Domagk
Gerhard Domagk discovered sulfonamide compounds. These compounds were the first medications effective in killing bacteria. They changed the practice of medicine by killing deadly diseases. -
Jonas Salk
Jonas Salk discovered that a dead polio virus would causes immunity to poliomyelitis. This virus paralyze thousands of adults and children every year. It seemed to attack the most active and athletic people. The discovery of the vaccine saved many people from death or crippling. -
Albert Sabin
In Contrast to Salk’s virus, Albert Sabin used a live polio virus vaccine, which is more effective. This vaccine is used today to immunize babies against the dreaded disease. -
Francis Crick and James Watson
Francis Crick and James Watson discovered the molecular structure of DNA, based on its known double helix. Their model served to explain how DNA replicates and how hereditary information is coded on it. In 1962, they won the Nobel Prize in Medicine for this discovery. -
Christian Barnard
Preformed the first successful heart transplant in 1968. -
Ben Carson
Ben Carson continues to be a pioneer in separating Siamese twins and preforming hemispherectomies, surgeries on the brain to stop seizures. -
Period: to
21st Century
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Advancement: 5.) || 21st century
The advancement in caring for the unborn fetus -
Advancement: 1.) || 21st century
The possibility of eliminating disabling disease through genetic research -
Advancement: 2.) || 21st century
The ability to transplant organs from a donor to a recipient -
Advancement: 3.) || 21st century
The ability to reattach severed body parts -
Advancement: 4.) || 21st century
The ability to use noninvasive techniques for diagnosis