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The Enlightenment
- Started in the late 17th century and finished in the 18th century with the French Revolution (1789-1799)
- It is also known as: "Age of Enlightenment" or "Age of Reason"
- It was an intellectual and philosophical movement from Europe and North America
- It was called this way because they were illuminating human intellect and culture after the "dark" middle ages
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Pre-Romantic Period
A number of developments in late 18th century culture that are thought to have prepared the ground for Romanticism in its full sense
* There was a shift in public taste away from the grandeur, austerity, nobility, idealization, and elevated sentiments of Neoclassicism or Classicism toward simpler, more sincere, and more natural forms of expression
* Sentimental novel of novel of sensibility: this genre explored the interaction between emotion and reason in producing moral actions. -
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Romanticism
- In literature, it began in the 1790s with the publication of the Lyrical Ballads of William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge
- It emphasized the individual, the subjective, the irrational, the imaginative, the personal, the spontaneous, the emotional, the visionary, and the transcendental
- Gothic novel: these novels wanted to provoke fear in the reader, showing what the irrational side of our minds can do. They used dark settings and supernatural characters
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Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen
- Jane Austen was an English writer who first gave the novel its distinctly character though her treatment of ordinary people in everyday life. In her novels she vividly depicted English middle-class life during the early 19th century
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Victorianism
- Named after Queen Victoria
- Victorian society was class-based
- There were changes in women's costumes, architecture, etc.
- Victorians were known for their morality and ethical conduct
- Church was very influential
- The Victorian novel was characterized by the struggle of working people and the triumph of right over wrong. They tended to be of an improving nature with a central moral lesson at heart, mixed with a heavy dose of sentiment
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A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens
- Realism: movemewnt of the 19th century that appeared in reaction against Romanticism. It focused on showing everyday, quotidian activities and life, primarily among the middle or lower class society, without romantic idealization or dramatization
- Industrial Revolution: a period during which rural societies became industrial and urban. While it improved the standard of living for some, it also resulted in often grim employment and living conditions for the poor and working classes
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Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë
- This is a Victorian novel but has much more qualities of the Romantic period
- Emily Brontë and her sisters, Charlotte and Anne, were all authors but since female authors were often treated less seriously than their male counterparts in the nineteenth century, they published their works under pseudonyms and their real names were revealed by Charlotte after Emily and Anne's deaths
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The Return of the Native by Thomas Hardy
- Naturalism: a movement which tended to be more concerned with lower, degraded and often sordid levels of human existence. Thomas Hardy's novels have naturalistic characterics since they are marked by a deep deterministic pessimism
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Edwardian Period
- Named after the reign of King Edward VII
- Also known as "The Golden Age"
- There were a lot of social changes in this era: women's suffrage came to prominence, child labour laws were introduced to prevend children from working, and working class became an active voice in politics
- Modernism: a movement which rejected traditional forms to present new ways to tell stories and poetry to reflect modern society. With this movement, characters became more complex.
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The Secret Sharer by Joseph Conrad
- Short story
- Joseph Conrad wrote novels and stories, many in nautical settings, that depict crises of human individuality in the midst of what he saw as an indifferent, inscrutable and amoral world. He is considered a literary impressionist by some and an early modernist by others, though his works also contain elements of 19th-century realism
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The Road from Colonus by E.M. Forster
- Short story
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Sons and Lovers by D.H. Lawrence
- It is a semiautobiographical and "Oedipal" novel written by D.H Lawrence between the years 1910 to 1912