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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Rousseau wrote the text "Emile" explaining his viewpoints on education in 1762. He discussed how children learn through curiosity and have individual ways of learning. He thought children should be able to learn with freedom and that formal instruction would interfere with development. -
Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi
Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi wrote the book "How Gertrude Teaches Her Children" that critiqued typical schooling. He believed in natural learning and developed principles for learning with informal instruction mixed with natural elements, as children develop through sensory manipulation -
Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel
Froebel developed a learning environment where children learn through creativity. There is teacher designed and facilitated activities, but play was important to learn the required adult skills. There was a systematic curriculum through discussion with learning new ideas. -
Maria Montessori
Montessori developed her theory stating that children need early, orderly, systematic training in order to master adult skills. The materials for the school are hands on and modeled by the teacher while the child imitates. The manipulative were self correcting so the children could see their errors and correct them. The teacher is there as a guide to prepare an environment to teach skills using manipulative materials -
Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965
This Act was based by President Johnson against the "War on Poverty". It emphasized equal education and to close the advantage gap between the different economic classes of families. -
John Dewey
Dewey discusses in his theory that children learn through play and real life settings. Social interactions encourage learning and themes of interest to children. He says the curriculum should be build around the interest of the children. -
Jean Piaget
Piaget says there are 4 stages to child development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. He describes that children should be past specific milestones in these periods in order. Not all children will go through the stages at the same time though. The children learn by constructing their own view point of the world and then modifying it based on new information retained. -
Lev Vygotsky
Vygotsky claimed that language was the basis of all learning. Logic, reasoning, and reflective thinking were all a result of language. He had said learning occurs as children acquire new concepts (schema). He speaks of scaffolding where children are directed by model behaviors and learn new concepts with feedback. There was also the "zone of proximal development", which touched on the area of when a child can do some parts of a task, but not all. -
Balanced Literacy
This was a learning style that suggested to teach the children in sections throughout the day. This would include whole group activities, small group, and individualized instruction with the teacher. -
No Child Left Behind
This was a continuation of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 where it was aimed to improve the schools and close the advantage gap while also holding the schools, districts, and states accountable now. -
Every Student Succeeds Act
This act was made to modify the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 and replace the No Child Left Behind Act in making sure public schools provide quality education for all students. -
Sources Again
Kids, C. F. (n.d.). The Froebel Approach. CareforKids.com.au. Retrieved September 10, 2022, from https://www.careforkids.com.au/child-care-articles/article/157/the-froebel-approach Mcleod, S. (2020, December 7). Jean Piaget’s Theory and Stages of Cognitive Development. Simply Psychology. Retrieved September 10, 2022, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/piaget.html -
Sources
Lee, A. (1987). Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA): What You Need to Know. Coordinatingcenter.Org. https://www.coordinatingcenter.org/files/2018/09/Every-Student-Succeeds-Act-ESSA-What-You-Need-to-Know.pdf Johann Pestalozzi (1746–1827) - Career and Development of Educational Theory, Diffusion of Educational Ideas. (n.d.). School, Children, Method, and Instruction - StateUniversity.com. Retrieved September 10, 2022, https://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/2319/Pestalozzi-Johann-1746-1827.html