-
Vital Signs
HR: 90 to 180 beats/min
RR: 30 to 60 breaths/min
Systolic BP: 50 to 70 mmHg
Temperature: 98 to 100 ºF -
Weight
6-8 lbs at birth
At week 2: grows 1 oz/day -
Cardiovascular System
Fetal circulation becomes independent circulation -
Pulmonary System
"nose breathers"
"belly breathing"
large tongue with shorter/narrower airway
fragile lungs -
Nervous System
develop individual arm and leg movement
Moro Reflex - when startled, arms open, fingers spread, grab for things
Palmar Grasp - grab when something is placed in palm
Rooting Reflex - when cheek touched, turn head toward that side
Sucking Reflex - immediately suck when something touches lips -
Immune System
receive antibodies via breastfeeding to strengthen immune system -
Psychosocial
cries to communicate
forms relationships with people
secure attachment - understands that the person will respond to their needs
avoidant attachment - little emotional response to person
separation anxiety - clingy behavior and fear of unfamiliar -
Period: to
Neonate
Birth - 1 month -
Vital Signs
HR: 100 to 160 beats/min
RR: 25 to 50 breaths/min
Systolic BP: 70 to 95 mmHg
Temperature: 96.8 to 99.6 ºF -
Period: to
Infant
1 month - 1 year -
Noticeable Characteristics
recognize familiar faces; tracks objects with the eyes -
Noticeable Characteristics
bring objects to the mouth; smiles and frowns -
Posterior Fontanelle
posterior fontanelle fuses -
Noticeable Characteristics
reaches out to people; drools -
Noticeable Characteristics
sleeps through the night; recognizes family members from strangers -
Noticeable Characteristics
teething begins; sits upright speaks one-syllable words -
Noticeable Characteristics
afraid of strangers; mood swings -
Noticeable Characteristics
responds to "no"; can sit alone; play peek-a-boo -
Noticeable Characteristics
pulls up to stand; places objects in mouth to explore them -
Anterior Fontanelle
anterior fontanelle fuses -
Noticeable Characteristics
responds to his or her name; crawls efficiently -
Noticeable Characteristics
starts to walk without help; frustrated with restrictions -
Vital Signs
HR: 90 to 150 beats/min
RR: 20 to 30 breaths/min
Systolic BP: 80 to 100 mmHg
Temperature: 96.8 to 99.6 ºF -
Noticeable Characteristics
knows his or her name; walks -
Trust vs Mistrust
if needs are being met, infant gains sense of trust and sees the environment as secure -
Period: to
Toddler
1 - 3 years -
Pulmonary System
lungs develop more bronchioles and alveoli -
Psychosocial
basic language mastery
use and understand full sentences
play with other toddlers
understand cause and effect
recognize gender difference by observing roles -
Vital Signs
HR: 80 to 140 beats/min
RR: 20 to 25 breaths/min
Systolic BP: 80 to 100 mmHg
Temperature: 98.6 ºF -
Immune System
loss of passive immunity; acquire immunity through exposure -
Neuromuscular Growth
learn how to walk, run, jump, play catch
gross and fine motor activities
increase muscle mass
increase bone density -
Renal System
potty training -
Period: to
Preschooler
3 - 6 years -
Vital Signs
HR: 70 to 120 beats/min
RR: 15 to 20 breaths/min
Systolic BP: 80 to 110 mmHg
Temperature: 98.6 ºF -
Physical Change
grow 4 lb/year and 2.5 inches/year
permanent teeth come in
increase in brain activity in both hemispheres -
Psychosocial
preconventional reasoning - act to avoid punishment and to get what they want
conventional reasoning - look to peers and society for approval
postconventional reasoning - make decisions based on own conscious
develop see-concept and self-esteem -
Period: to
School-Age Child
6 - 12 years -
Vital Signs
HR: 60 to 100 beats/min
RR: 12 to 20 breaths/min
Systolic BP: 90 to 110 mmHg
Temperature: 98.6 ºF -
Physical Change
2-3 yr growth spurt
maturation of human reproductive system
enlargement of external reproductive organs
pubic hair and axillary hair
voice change
menstruation
ability to produce sperm and eggs
acne -
Psychosocial
need for privacy and personal space
increase in self-consciousness
create own identity
rebellious behavior is common
antisocial behavior
peer pressure
develop a code of personal ethics
high risk for suicide and depression -
Period: to
Adolescent
12 - 18 years -
Vital Signs
HR: 60 to 100 beats/min
RR: 12 to 20 breaths/min
Systolic BP: 90 to 140 mmHg
Temperature: 98.6 ºF -
Physical Change
positive and negative lifelong habits are solidified
body is in peak performance shape
settling of disks in the spine
changes in metabolism rate
increase in fatty tissue
decrease in muscle strength
slowing down of reflexes -
Psychosocial
focus on "settling down" with work and a family -
Period: to
Early Adult
19 - 40 years -
Vital Signs
HR: 60 to 100 beats/min
RR: 12 to 20 breaths/min
Systolic BP: 90 to 140 mmHg
Temperature: 98.6 ºF -
Physical Change
vision and hearing loss
greater cardiovascular issues
increase in cancer
menopause for women
at risk for diabetes and hypertension
increase in cholesterol levels
decrease in efficiency of the heart
decrease in weight control management -
Psychosocial
focus on achieving their "life goal"
become "empty nesters"
attempting to prepare for retirement which leads to financial issues -
Period: to
Middle Adult
41 - 60 years -
Endocrine System
decrease in insulin production
decrease in metabolism
decrease in hormone production -
Vital Signs
HR: 60 to 100 beats/min
RR: 12 to 20 breaths/min
Systolic BP: 90 to 140 mmHg
Temperature: 98.6 ºF -
Cardiovascular System
decrease in heart rate
decline in cardiac output
inability to elevate cardiac output to match the demands of the body
weakening of heart muscle
stiffening of the vascular system
increase in diastolic blood pressure
aging of blood cells
bone marrow replaced with fatty tissue
gradual decline in functional blood volume -
Respiratory System
increase in airway size
decrease in alveoli surface area
decrease in natural lung elasticity
increase in the use of intercostal muscles to breathe
diminish of cough and gag reflexes
collapsing airway
decrease in metabolic activity
less aggressive white blood cells
increase in stiffness of the thoracic cage
decrease in vital capacity
increase in residual volume -
Digestive System
decrease in taste bud sensitivity
diminished sense of smell
decrease in saliva secretion which leads to body can't produce complex carbohydrates
loss of teeth
decrease in ability of intestines to contract and move food along
decrease in gastric acid secretion
increase in chance of getting gallstones
fecal incontinence -
Renal System
decline in filtration function of kidneys
decreased blood supply leads to abnormal glomeruli
decrease in the number of nephrons
decrease in the ability to clear waste from the body
decrease in the ability to conserve fluids -
Nervous System
shrinkage in brain weight
slower, less responsive motor and sensory neural networks
fewer brain cells
change in sleep patterns
more room for the brain to move when stressed due to shrinkage
slowing of PNS function
diminished and misinterpreted sensation
decrease in the ability to know where the body is in space
slower reactions leads to delays between stimulation and motion
slower reflexes
deterioration of nerve endings -
Sensory Changes
increase in need for glasses or hearing aids
restriction of pupillary reaction and ocular movement
smaller pupils
pupil becomes sluggish when responding to light
opacity of the eye's lens decreases visual acuity
visual distortions
thickening of lens leads to hard time focusing eye
narrowing of peripheral vision fields
greater sensitivity to glare -
Psychosocial
mental function declines last 5 years of life
facing the fact that they have to die sometime
isolation
depression -
Period: to
Older Adult
61 years - Death