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Role of Syria
Syria's diplomatic involvement grew during 1976, and in January 1976 it succeeded in organizing a cease-fire and set up the High Military Committee to give all sides to negotiate.
Image URL:https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/syrian-battlefield-beginning-resemble-lebanese-civil-war-and-damascus-dominating -
How it began
The civil war started on April 13, 1975, in Beirut, when gunmen killed four Phalangists during an attempt on Pierre Jumayyil's life.
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Taking revenge
The Phalangist believed the attempt was on the behalf of the Palestinians. To take revenge they attacked a bus carrying Palestinian and they killed twenty-six passengers.
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The fail of negotiation
However, these negotiations failed because of the Lebanese Front-Palestinian which entered the battle and they took the town of Damour. They killed almost 582 Christians.
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Government role
The government didn't do much because the leaders were unable to reach an agreement between them to stop the war. The fighting started to spread to other areas of the country and forced the civilians to go to safe zones. However, many civilians got killed due to this war.
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The war's main part
The main part of the war consisted of Christians versus Muslims. Image URL: https://eeradicalization.com/a-closer-look-at-the-lebanon-warning/ -
The Political Breakthrough.
On February 14, 1976, Syria helped in reforming seventeen points into a program known as Constitutional Document. But the progress was broke because of the Lebanese Army was divided into two-sided resulting in attacking the presidential palace, and forcing the president to escape to Mount Lebanon. -
Jumblat's view
Jumblat didn't like the interfering of Syria. He also saw that the new president Sarkis who came after Franjiyeh had strong backing support from Syria. -
Syria's interference
At the end of May 1976, Syria intervened in the war against the Lebanese National Movement. The Syrian forces faced heavy resistance however, by entering the Christian side Syria raised the rage of the Arab world.
Image URL: https://globalriskinsights.com/2015/11/three-hard-lessons-for-syria-from-lebanons-civil-war/ -
The predicted outcomes.
Two possible outcomes were going to happen. The first one was creating an independent Christian state in Mount Lebanon, and the second one was to create a radical hostile state on Syria's western border if the Lebanese National Movement won the war. However, Hafiz Al Assad didn't accept these outcomes. -
ADF presence
Because President Sarkis found difficulties in forming an army, the ADF consisted of 30,000 men, of whom 27,000 were Syrian. The rest were from Saudi Arabia, Lybia, and Persia.
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Lebanon rebuilt its army
With the assistance of the United States in 1982, Lebanon began to rebuild his army.
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The US embassy being attacked
After many failed trials from the U.S. And the West on removing the Syrian troops from Lebanon, on April 18, 1983, the U.S.Embassy suffered from a suicide attack resulting in 63 deads. Also, the bombing of the headquarters of U.S. and French forces on October 23, 1983, resulting in 298 dead people.
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Hizballah in Lebanon
Hizballah was created when they believed that the Christians in Lebanon were primarily the U.S. and Israel interests. It was supported by Syria and Iran.
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Taif agreement
In January 1989, the Arab committee started to find solutions to the Lebanese conflicts. Leading into a meeting in Taif Saudi Arabia, where they agreed on several things.
Image URL: https://research.sharqforum.org/2016/08/19/the-taif-agreement-1989/ -
End of the war 1990
After agreeing on the Tai'f, several steps were taken. In August 1990, they agreed on reforming the parliament and expanding it into 128 seats dividing it equally between Christians and Muslims. -
Between 1988-1990
General Aoun wanted to declare the war against the Syrian who was still occupying the country. Hundreds of Lebanese soldiers and civilians were killed. As a result, he was exiled to France from 1990 till 2005, and Syria remained in Lebanon.
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