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Prewriting: The Stage of Discovery in the Writing Process - Rohman
o Proposed a three-stage description of writing that was widely used in teaching. His stages were prewriting, writing, and rewriting.
o Hayes, J.R., Flower, L.S. (1986, October). Writing Research and the Writer. Carnegie Mellon University. Retrieved from https://uga.view.usg.edu/d2l/le/content/1776219/viewContent/26314049/View -
Rhetoric: Discovery and Change - Young, Baker, Pike
o Drew on the art of invention and persuasion and to argue for the value of teaching and writing as rhetorical problem-solving
o Hayes, J.R., Flower, L.S. (1986, October). Writing Research and the Writer. Carnegie Mellon University. Retrieved from https://uga.view.usg.edu/d2l/le/content/1776219/viewContent/26314049/View -
The Comping Process of Twelfth Graders - Emig
o The data reveal that: (1) For the sample of students, the sponsorship of these two modes of composing is divided, with extensive writing occurring as a self-sponsored activity; and (2) The composing process for the two modes differs in length and in the clustering of components.
o Emig, J. (1971). The Composing Process of Twelfth Graders. The National Council of Teachers of English. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED058205 -
The Development of Evaluative, Diagnostics and Remedial Capabilities in the Children's Composing - Scardamalia and Bereiter
o Found that 4th graders hardly revise at all, that 8th graders revisions hurt more than they help and that for 12th graders helpful revisions narrowly outnumbered harmful ones
o Hayes, J.R., Flower, L.S. (1986, October). Writing Research and the Writer. Carnegie Mellon University. Retrieved from https://uga.view.usg.edu/d2l/le/content/1776219/viewContent/26314049/View -
Internal Revision: A Process of Discovery - Murray
o His observation that rewriting was a process of discovery, a process that he labeled “internal revision,” was new territory.
o Murray describes internal revision as “everything writers do to discover and develop what they have to say, beginning with the reading of a completed first draft.”
o Qualley, D. (2008). Murray and the Process of Internal Revision: A Think-Piece. Regents of the University of California. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/43157374?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents -
A Description of the Composing Processes of College Freshman Writers - Pianko
o Concludes that remedial writers’ writing processes are shorter and of poorer quality than those of traditional writers, and that what separates the groups is the ability to reflect on what is being written
o Pianko, S. (1979). A Description of the Composing Processes of College Freshman Writers. Research in the Teaching of English. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ204419 -
Learning to Write: Some Cognitive and Linguistic Components - Bartlett
o Compared revision processes in fifth-grade students who were revising both their own and other writers’ texts. She found that when the children revising their own texts, they were able to find 56% of missing subject or predicates, but only 10% of faulty referring expressions.
o Hayes, J.R., Flower, L.S. (1986, October). Writing Research and the Writer. Carnegie Mellon University. Retrieved from https://uga.view.usg.edu/d2l/le/content/1776219/viewContent/26314049/View -
Writing and Reasoning in School Settings - Applebee
o Reports that, in all the subject areas he surveyed, teachers used writing primarily as a means of assessing students’ mastery of familiar material
o Bartholomae, D., Hull, G. (1986). Teaching Writing. Association for Supervision and Curriculum. Retrieved from http://www.ascd.org/ASCD/pdf/journals/ed_lead/el_198604_hull.pdf -
The Development of Planning and Writing - Burtis, Bereiter, Scardamalia, Tetroe
o As students grow older, this written output can become more complex the notes may include gist and goals that are then reordered before they appear in the text
o Hayes, J.R., Flower, L.S. (1986, October). Writing Research and the Writer. Carnegie Mellon University. Retrieved from https://uga.view.usg.edu/d2l/le/content/1776219/viewContent/26314049/View -
Problem-Solving Skills in the Social Sciences - Voss, Greene, Post and Penner
o Studies of the problem solve in the social sciences, merely increasing the students’ topic knowledge was insufficient to produce better analysis, because expert performance depended on a repertory of strategies that included searching for constraints, consolidating the search and testing the hypothesis
o Hayes, J.R., Flower, L.S. (1986, October). Writing Research and the Writer. Carnegie Mellon University. Retrieved from https://uga.view.usg.edu/d2l/le/content/1776219/viewContent/26314049/View -
What Works in Teaching Composition: A meta-analysis of experimental treatment studies - Hillcocks
o Findings indicate that the dimensions of effective instruction are quite different from what is common practice in schools... It is suggested that the environmental mode of instruction is most effective, this mode places a high priority on high levels of student involvement.
o Hillcocks, G. (1984) What Works in Teaching Composition: A meta-analysis of experimental treatment studies. American Journal of Education. Retrieved from https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1985-18575-001 -
Protocol Analysis: Verbal Reports as Data - Ericsson and Simon
o The authors describe a general theory of cognitive processes and structure in the form of an information processing model, which, they argue, accounts for verbalization and verbal reports.
o Ericsson, K. A., & Simon, H. A. (1984). Protocol analysis: Verbal reports as data. Cambridge. Retrieved from https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1985-97337-000 -
Revising Computer Documentation for Comprehension: Ten Lessons in Protocol-Aided Revision - Schriver
o Constructed a set of lessons designed to increase the writer’s sensitive to readers’ needs.
o The effect of instruction, that is, increase the ability to predict reader problems, is evident after about six lessons and appears to transfer well to new texts.
o Hayes, J.R., Flower, L.S. (1986, October). Writing Research and the Writer. Carnegie Mellon University. Retrieved from https://uga.view.usg.edu/d2l/le/content/1776219/viewContent/26314049/View -
Processes Involved in Writing Effective Procedural Instructions - Holland, Rose, Dean and Dory
o Reported that the difference between good and poor adult writers in the amount of time spent on revisions depends on the particular writing task
o In general, though it appears that the more expert the writer will spend in revision
o Hayes, J.R., Flower, L.S. (1986, October). Writing Research and the Writer. Carnegie Mellon University. Retrieved from https://uga.view.usg.edu/d2l/le/content/1776219/viewContent/26314049/View -
Composing Written Sentences - Kaufer, Hayes, Flower
o Found evidence that the work involved in translating plans into text is substantial
o They compared the lengths of writers’ outlines with the lengths of their essays
o Even the most extensive outliners, the ideas noted in the outline were expanded on the average by a factor of eight in the final essay
o Hayes, J.R., Flower, L.S. (1986, October). Writing Research and the Writer. Carnegie Mellon University. Retrieved from https://uga.view.usg.edu/d2l/le/content/1776219/viewContent/26314049/View