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The Papacy, having been located in Avignon since 1305, returns to Rome, bringing with it the prestige and wealth necessary to rebuild the city.
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Cosimo de Medici becomes head of the bank after his father dies, using his economic power to consolidate political power. Within five years he runs the city without question.
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Over 200 years they ruled it
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Pope Nicholas V takes the first steps toward turning Rome into a Renaissance city, undertaking many construction projects and strongly encouraging the arts.
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The center of the Byzantine Empire, Constantinople falls to the Ottoman Turks, provoking an exodus of Greek people and works of art and literature into the Italian city-states.
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The period is characterized as a time when Europeans began exploring the world by sea in search of new trading routes, wealth, and knowledge.
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The Spanish Inquisition was used for both political and religious reasons. Following the Crusades and the Reconquest of Spain by the Christian Spaniards the leaders of Spain needed a way to unify the country into a strong nation.
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Painting Sandro Botticelli. It depicts the goddess Venus, having emerged from the sea as a fully grown woman, arriving at the sea-shore (which is related to the Venus Anadyomene motif). The painting is held in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence.
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In an attempt to weaken his enemy, the King of Naples, Ludovico invites the French to invade Italy, granting them free passage through Milan. Though this invasion fails, the French return in 1499, turning on Ludovico and taking Milan, and opening an era of foreign competition for Italian land.
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The book, written in Latin, is a frame narrative primarily depicting a fictional island society and its religious, social and political customs. A 'Utopia"' refers to a perfect society or world. (so no war, poverty etc. So this book is about a perfect place more or less.
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The religious wars were cause by the Protestant Reformation in western and northern Europe. The wars were fought between Catholics and Protestants.
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Henry VIII did it so he can divorce Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn.
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Considered an accident
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The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in 1572 was a targeted group of assassinations, followed by a wave of Roman Catholic mob violence, both directed against the Huguenots, during the French Wars of Religion. Traditionally believed to have been instigated by Catherine de' Medici. The Massacre is unknown to exactly how many deaths it caused, but the guess is anywhere between 5,000 and 30,000
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Issued by Henry IV of France, granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in a nation still considered essentially Catholic. In the Edict, Henry aimed primarily to promote civil unity.The Edict separated civil from religious unity, treated some Protestants for the first time as more than mere schismatics and heretics, and opened a path for secularism and tolerance.
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Henry IV of France grants religious liberty and full civil rights to the Protestant Huguenots. It is resented by the Catholics and is later annulled.
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