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Congress of Racial Equality
-Civil Rights organizations were formed to end the fight against segregation
-CORE was founded by a group of students in 1942
-they were committed to the nonviolent approach -
Dodgers hire Jackie Robinson
-Color Line- a barrier that divided whites from nonwhits, treated by custom, law, and economic differences
-Jackie Robinson was hired by the Dodgers in 1945 to be the first nonwhite to break the color line
-Fans taunted him and teammates refused to play along side him -
Executive Order 9981
-this order stated the end to all segregation in the military
-issued by President Harry S. Truman in 1948
-“It is hereby declared to be the policy of the President that there shall be equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons in the armed services without regard to race, color, religion, or national origin.” -
Advocates for Black Nationalism
-National of Islam, Malcom X- black muslims, guy who the appeal
-three members of the Nation of Islam assassinated Malcolm X while he was speaking in New York City
-black nationalism is a doctrine, promoted by the Nation of Islam, calling for complete separation from white society -
Brown vs Board of Education Ruling
-a Supreme Court ruling stating that it was unconstitutional for segregation to occur in public schools
-Thurgood Marshall was the NAACPS lead attorney who argued the education cases
-the court decided to combine all cases dealing with segregation in schools -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
-a boycott is a term that refers to withdraw from commercial or social relations with something
-the boycott started with Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat for a white passengar because blacks were only allowed to sit in the back or give up their seats
-blacks began to develop an elaborate carpool system to get around town instead of riding the public buses -
Integration of Central High School
-Little Rock Nine- first nine black students who integrated into a white school
-Little Rock Nine students were not welcomed into their new school
-Students were escorted to the school by troops -
First Lunch Counter Sit-in
-sit-ins were a protest in which the protesters would sit at "white only" public places and refuse to move
-four African American students sat a restaurant in North Carolina and ordered food but the white server refused to serve them food
-Jim Crow Laws were state and local laws enforcing segregation in the United States -
Freedom Rides
-Civil Disobedience is the nonviolent refusal to obey a law that the protester considers to be unjust, they SNCC trained them in this
-SNCC is a civil rights organization founded in 1960 by college students, they organized nonviolent protests
-a protest in which blacks rode southern interstate buses with whites to see how southern states were complying with the Supreme Court rulings -
Birmingham Campaign
-SCLC and King worked together to plan a series of nonviolent protests
-Blacks living in Birmingham experienced segregation in almost every aspect of life during the civil rights movement
-King wrote a letter while in jail after being arrested for protesting stating how African Americans were using civil disobedience -
March on Washington
-NAACP, The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
-Civil rights activists took their protest to Washington D.C. to express their concerns for jobs and freedom
-more than 250,000 marched, it was the largest political gathering ever held in the United States -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
-Plessy vs Ferguson- a landmark constitutional law case of the US Supreme Court. It upheld state racial segregation laws for public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal"
-banned discrimination on the basis of race, sex, religion, or national origin
-most important law in history since reconstruction -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
-Disenfranchise- deprived someone of the right to vote
-the act outlawed literacy tests and other tactics used to deny African Americans the right to vote
-federal intervention would ensure that eligible voters were not turned away -
Watts Riot
-Kerner Commission- the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders that concluded that white racism was the fundamental cause of the Watts riot
-ghettos- a part of a city where people belonging to a single ethnic group live
-the Watts Riot- 1965 race riot in Watts, a black ghetto in Los Angeles, caused by frustrations about poverty, prejudice, and police mistreatment -
Black Panther Party Founded
-Black Power- he call by many civil rights activists, beginning in the mid-1960s, for African Americans to have economic and political power, with an emphasis on not relying on nonviolent protest
-a group founded in 1966 that demanded economic and political rights and was prepared to take violent action
-The Black Panther Party is a group founded in 1966 that demanded economic and political rights and was prepared to take violent action -
Civil Rights Act of 1968
-Discrimination- he unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things, especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex
-a law that included a ban on discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, or sex
-This law included a fair-housing component that banned discrimination in housing sales and rentals -
Swann vs Charlotte-Meckleberg Board of Education
-Desegregation- the ending of a policy of racial segregation
-the 1971 Supreme Court ruling that busing was an acceptable way to achieve school integration
-the 1971 Supreme Court ruling that busing was an acceptable way to achieve school integration -
Regents of the University of California vs Bakke
-Affirmative action- a policy that calls on employers to actively seek to increase the number of minorities in their workforce
-a 1978 Supreme Court ruling that narrowly upheld affirmative action, declaring that race may be one factor, but not the sole criterion, in school admissions
-However, it also said that racial quotas were unconstitutional—that race could not be used as the only criterion, Therefore, the Court ordered the university to admit Bakke to medical school
