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Jun 15, 1215
Magna Carta
Charter that King John issued in june 15 1215 that recognizes the right of persons to certain basic liberties -
Period: Jan 1, 1400 to
Northwest Passage
A nautical route between the Pacific Oceans and Northern Atlantic (Arctic region), explored by Europeans, a new and shorter route -
Period: Jan 1, 1400 to
Migrate
To move or follow resources, The indians often moved with the ox to follow them in order to survive and find resources -
Period: Jan 1, 1450 to
Joint-Stock Company
A company that took stock and gave buying people interest, opened stock to colonies, they supported and funded the colonies, but they were also the only funders of the colonies, colonies wouldn’t exist without the companies -
Period: Oct 10, 1451 to May 20, 1506
Christopher Columbus
a sailor from Spain in the 15th century, (Spain, Queen Isabella, King Ferdinand), he landed in the Caribbean and found the new world -
Period: May 6, 1460 to Nov 15, 1520
Montezuma
the 9th ruler of Tenochtitlan, (Aztecs, Spanish), he was killed when Spain conquered them -
Period: Apr 7, 1485 to Dec 2, 1547
Hernan Cortes
a spanish conquistador, (Mexico, Spain, Aztecs), Spain captured Mexico under his control -
Period: Jan 1, 1500 to
Puritan
Protestants who disagreed with the Church of England, persecuted for their religion and left England, 1st colony in New England, Plymouth -
Period: Jan 1, 1500 to
Prince Henry the Navigator
15th century Portugal prince, Portugal, he sent Portugal west of Africa into the Atlantic -
Period: Jun 26, 1500 to
Columbian Exchange
a worldwide transfer of livestock and goods after Columbus’ voyage, Columbus, started to give the rest of the world American species, diseases, resources, etc. and vice versa -
Period: Jan 1, 1580 to
Mestizo
A person with a Spanish and Native American parentage, mixed up the gene pool -
Period: Jan 1, 1580 to
John Smith
New England Admiral, important figure in Jamestown, mapped Chesapeake Bay -
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Mercantilism
Economic system where nations seek to increase wealth and power by obtaining a lot of gold and silver and establishing a favorable balance of trade -
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Conquistador
a conqueror especially from Spain, (Columbus, Cortes, Mexico, Spain), Spain conquered Mexico and the Aztecs giving the influence of today’s Mexican culture -
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Middle Passage
Africans were shipped to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade. Ships departed Europe for African markets with manufactured goods, which were traded for purchased or kidnapped Africans, who were transported across the Atlantic as slaves; the slaves were then sold or traded for raw materials,which would be transported back to Europe to complete the voyage. Voyages on the Middle Passage were large financial undertakings -
House of Burgesses
1st form of government in American colonies, representatives were chosen from 11 plantations, 1st form of organized law in the New World -
Mayflower Copact
Plymouth’s 1st governing document, written by separatists congressionalist or saints -
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William Penn
A Quaker, founded Pennsylvania, refuge for Quakers, this colony was friendly with the Indians, diverse in culture and open to new ideas -
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Iroquois Legacy
a confederacy of Native American tribes in New York, (Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, Tuscarora), defended us in French-Indian War and influenced the Constitution -
Bacon's Rebellion
Armed rebellion by Virginian settlers, Nathaniel Bacon was the leader who opposed William Berkeley, colonists are not unified -
Englsih Bill Of Rights
Created separation of powers, limits powers of the king and queen, enhances democratic election and bolsters freedom of speech -
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Tariff
Congress has passed a “protective tariff”. This tariff was an import tax on goods produced in Europe. The taz was meant to encourage American production -
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Renaissance
a cultural rebirth in the 17th century, European nations, they traveled the world to find new territories -
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Cash Crops
agricultural crop which is grown for sale to return a profit. It is typically purchased by parties separate from a farm.[2] The term cash crop is applied exclusively to the agricultural production of plants; animal agriculture is not a part of the terminology. The term is used to differentiate marketed crops from subsistence crops, which are those fed to the producer's own livestock or grown as food for the producer's family -
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Enlightenment
18th century intellectual movement that emphasized the use of reason and scientific method -
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Great Awakening
Revived the religious feelings in the American colonies during the 1730’s to the late 1800s -
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John Jay
The chief justice of the supreme court. He was in london to negotiate a treaty with Britain at the tone of the Battle of Fallen Timbers. A disputed issue was which nation would control territories west of the Appalachian Mountains -
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Alexander Hamilton
He was the secretary of the treasury in Washington’s cabinet. Hamilton was important because he created an economic plan that set the nation's finances and created a firm for our economy -
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Andrew Jackson
He was a general from Tennessee. He defeated Native Americans of the Creek Tribe at the Battle of Horseshoe bend in March of 1814. Greatest victory was after the war. He was important because his troops defeated British forces at the Battle of New Orleans. -
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Presidio
A Spanish led community, San Francisco was taken by Spanish, started the creation of borders. -
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Henry Clay
He promoted the American System and contributed a great deal in making America a better economy -
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Articles of Confederation
A new type of government in a set of laws. Two levels of government shared powers. Purpose was to equalize powers and not have one huge monarchy -
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Interchangable Parts
Eli Whitney demonstrated the first making of interchangeable parts that are exactly alike and can be interchangeable with others. They allowed muskets to work better but still be the same function as before -
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Cabinet
The cabinet consists of Alexander Hamilton, Henry Knox, and Thomas Jefferson. The cabinet is the President’s advisors through departments like secretary of state or secretary of treasury. The cabinet was important because Washington could get opinions from his most trusted advisors and still have his opinion -
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Loose Construction
The United States founding fathers gave a foundation to the New Land. The founding fathers created the constitution leaving room for improvement and was important because it allowed more freedom and room to grow and improve as well as interpretations. -
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Strict Construction
A legal philosophy meaning the constitution is exactly what it says. The constitution was not open to interpretation leaving it exactly what it means. This leaves no room to grow and only has set rules everyone should follow -
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Judicial Review
Created after the Marbury Vs Madison trial. the ability of the supreme court declare an act of congress unconstitutional. This was important because before the supreme court could not enforce the Judiciary act of 1789 -
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Limited Government
The power of government to intervene in the exercise of civil liberties in restricted by law usually in a written constitution gives the public power to participate in law and reduce monarchy -
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Checks and Balances
Provisions of the U.S that prevent any branch of government from dominating any other branch -
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Shay's Rebellion
The farmers protest. Caused pain and dismay throughout the nation. Nation’s reputation in danger caused to strengthen the foundation of the nation and not to be codependent -
The Great Compromise
Suggested by Rodger Sherman. Offered a two house congress to satisfy the small and large states and each state gets equal representation to give the state's satisfaction for equality -
Northwest Ordinance
a procedure for dividing the land into territories. Became Confederation’s greatest achievement. Important because it established a blueprint for the future growth of the nation -
The Federalist
A series of 85 essays defending the constitution appeared in New York newspapers between 1787 and 1788 provided on analysis and an explanation of constitutional provisions that remain important today -
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Marbury v Madison
William Marbury, one of the midnight judges James Madison, Jefferson's secretary of state. One of the most important supreme court decisions. Marbury sued to enforce the provision of the judiciary act of 1789. The court decided that the provision of the act was unconstitutional because the constitution did not empower the court to issue these orders. -
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Seperation Powers
an act of vesting the legislature executive and judicial powers of government in separation bodies to reduce the power in one section of law and spread equal power. -
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The Second Great Awakening
The United States of America created a religious movement revivals to show the idea that making money and practicing religion weren't exclusive -
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American System
Promoted by Henry clay, this hoped to unite the regions to make them stronger. This was made to make a strong stable economy that could be self sufficient -
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Whiskey Rebellion
Secretary Hamilton put taxes on imported goods but it wasn't enough so he put a tax on whiskey. A tax pt on the manufacturing of whiskey angered farmers and they refused to pay the taxes. Hamilton saw this opportunity for the government to show they could enforce the law along the western frontier. -
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Cotton Gin
Invented by Eli Whitney to make the production of cotton easier and more efficient. This set the South on a different course of development than the North. -
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Nullification
A state that refused to recognize an act of Congress. These acts were considered unconstitutional -
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Alien and Sedition Acts
Four Measures created by Federalists pushing through Congress. The alien acts raised the residence requirements for American Citizenship from 5 years to 14 and allowed the president to deport or jail any alien considered undesirable. The sedition acts set fines and jail terms for anything trying to hinder the operation of the government. -
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Underground Railroad
Conductors hid fugitives and the slaves who ran away could be escorted across tunnels to flee from being slaves. This allowed slaves to run away and be free from slavery -
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Utipian Communities
Some of optimistic religious and social reforms experimentalists groups tried to make an ideal place -
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Salutary Neglect
Unofficial long term British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of Parliamentary laws meant to keep American colonies obedient to England -
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Bicameral Legislature
A two house legislature for representation of both large and small states. With members based on population. Important because it helped give fair representation for big and small states created by Madison Virginia. -
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Indentured Servent
Labor system in which people sold themselves to work to pay off debts, usually poor English convicts -
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Nat Turner
Born into slavery in 1800, he was chosen to lead people out of bandage. Got captured by state and federal troops after killing almost 60 white inhabitants -
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Marman Movement
Religious community that migrated westward along the Oregon Trail, played a major role in the settling of the West -
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Dorothea Dix
Joined the social reform by personal experience and discovered jails. Housed mentally ill people then decided to persuade states to open up mental hospitals. -
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Louiaiana Purchase
Monroe and Livingston closed a deal to purchase land. A treaty was signed selling Louisiana to the US. The Louisiana Purchase included all the land drained by the Western tributaries of the Mississippi river. This purchase more than doubled the size of the United States. -
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William Lloyd Garrison
Most radical and white abolitionist took part in religious reform movements and started his own paper “The Liberator” -
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Erie Canal
Erie Canal:One of the most impressive projects linking the Hudson river to Lake Erie. It was a canal stretching over 363 miles and took 8 years to make. It was a shorter route from point A to point B -
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War Hawks
Was a group of young congressmen from the South and the West. the war Hawks called for war against Britain. this was the start of the Canadian rebellion against Britain. -
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Compromise of 1850
Henry Clay worked to compose this compromise. California was admitted a free state, Utah and New Mexico would decide over popular Sovereignty. This created a perfect balance of slave and free states. -
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Harriet Beecher stowe
She was a student abolitionist and se published Tom’s cabin, a book about a life of a slave. She predicted the way a slave lived and created an incorrect image of slavery of how the North sees it -
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Impressment
A british policy that practiced the seizing of American ships at sea or drafting them into the British Navy. One of these seizings on American captains refused the British right to board their ship, The British fired and killed 3 Americans -
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Hartford Convention
Where the New England Federalist Party met to discuss their grievances concerning the ongoing War of 1812 and the political problems arising from the federal government's increasing power The convention discussed removing the three-fifths compromise which gave slave states more power in Congress and requiring a two-thirds super majority in Congress for the admission of new states, declarations of war, and laws restricting trade. -
Treaty of Ghent
It was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom. The treaty restored relations between the two nations. The Treaty of Ghent was not fully in effect until it was ratified by the U.S. Senate unanimously on February 18, 1815. It began two centuries of peaceful relations between the U.S. and Britain -
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Elizabeth Stanton
Held a woman’s right movement with Matt given women the first look at quality. -
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Missouri Compromise
Led by Henry Clay, it was a temporary solution of the crisis with a feries of agreements collectively called the Missouri compromise This was a big fix to agreements setting aside to find a permanent fix. -
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Seneca Falls Convention
A woman’s right convention by Lickelta Malt and Elizabeth Stanton -
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Monroe Doctrine
President Monroe wrote this in 1823 making a warning to all outsiders of power not to interfere in the west. This helped keep America independent. -
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Tariff of Abominations
Referred to by John C. Calhoun, it was an agricultural region dependent on cotton. It was important because this region competed with the South in the world market -
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Jacksonian Democracy
Created by Andrew Jackson, it was a form of democracy in the mid 1800’s that created the beliefs around Andrew Jackson. This provided a group who agreed with Jackson close to power -
Indian Removal Act
Passed by congress. It moved the indians west so America could take more land. This moved the indians and payed them off so they wouldn't fight it. -
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Abolition Movement
A movement to outlaw slavery given by preachers like Finney -
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Lone Star Republic
The territory of Texas that had their own army and navy and proudly flew their new flag with a gold lone star. They were sparsely populated -
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Dred Scott
A slave from missouri whose owner died and he began a lawsuit to become a free man because he lived in free territory. He was one of the first slaves to try to win his freedom -
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manifest Destiny
Many Americans expressed their belief that the US destiny was to expand to the Pacific ocean and Mexican territory -
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Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo signed by America and Mexico, Mexico agreed to the border for Texas and sold New Mexico and California to the US -
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Wilmont Proviso
David Wilmot introduced an amendment that slavery nor involuntary servitude should exist. California and territories such as Utah and New Mexico would be closed to slavery forever. It divided the congress along regional lines and created angry people. -
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California Gold Rush
Forty miners flocked to California from Asia, South America, and Europe to mine gold that was supposedly the best placed to mine gold at. This made California a very popular place -
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Popular Sovereignty
The north and south involved the ability to vote for or against slavery for your territory. This gives the ability to decide whether a region is for or against slavery naming the state free or a save state -
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Gasden Purchase
Franklin Pierce authorized his embassy to pay Mexico additional 60 million for another piece of territory South of the Gila River. This allowed the US to acquire more land from Mexico -
Kansas Nebraska Act
Douglas introduced a bill to divide an area into 2. It divided the territory into Kansas and Nebraska and it left the fort of new territories to fend for themselves -
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Radical Republicans
A political party that lasted until the end of Reconstruction in 1877, Strongly opposed slavery and demanded harsher punishment for South, Attempted to impeach Johnson after he didn't agree with their Reconstruction plan -
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Harper's Ferry
Virginia now west virginia. John Brown led a band of 21 men both black and white into the ferry. He led them to seize the federal arsenal and start a general slave uprising -
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Confederate States Of America
Delegates from the secessionist states met in Montgomery Alabama. This closely resembled the united states and protected and recognized slavery in the new territories -
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Fort Sumpter
Confederates attacked the Union Fort wtth Major Robert Anderson (union) and General Beauregard (Confederates). 80-Union and 500-Confederates. General comanded surrender. 1 union causalty.Lincoln resuplied fort and confederates protected it. First battle of Civil war, made everyone realize war was upon them. -
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The Anaconda Plan
Initial Civil war strategy to put down rebellion by the confederacy in 1861. Strangeled the confederacy the way an anaconda constricted its victums. 4 parts, to blockade to prevent crops such as tobacco and cotton from importing, divide the south by controlling the aMississippi river to vut the south off from the west, divide south by capturing the tennesse river and marching through Gorgia to the coast, capture richmond virginia. Used by union not a battle used in many battles 60k-80k. -
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Battle of Fort Sumter
Lincoln or Confederates attacked on Fort Sumter. The fort was one of the southern forts in Union hands at this time and was taken. This was the first battle of the Civil War -
First battle of Bull Run
Known as the first manassas by confederates both had about 18000 poorly trained troops. Union forces were slow in positioning themselves allowing confederates to arrive by rail. The goal for Union was to make wquick work of the bulk of the confederate. McDowell didnt want to move against Confederates but pressure forced him to. First major land battle of the war. After Confederates won at Bull Run the Union knew the wa would be long. Union lost 460, 1124 wounded, 1312 capured. Union lost -
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Battle of Shiloh
Pittsburg tennessee. Union about 66000, Ulysses S Grant (30000 men) Don Carlose (50000 men) Casualties 13000. Confederates 44700 men Albert Sydney Johnston (45000 men( Casuaties 10700. Union captured Donelson and Henry in Feburary. Allowed union torops to move to Tennessee. Confederates successfully initially. Union pushed back and retreated. Known as the bloodiest battle of the Civil War. Gave light to how brutal the war was actually. -
Battle of Antiem
Union George B Mcclelan Confederate Robert E Lee. Mcclellan being really defencive strategy. Union bait the Confederate into a tactic. Union Went in to just not lose the battle. One of the bloodiest single day battle. Linear formation. Women dressed up as men to get into war. African Americans werent in the war. Union conciders a victory but there wasnt a clear winner. Union had more people but had more casualties. 12000 Union 10300 Confederate. Emancipation was a direct result. -
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Battle of Fredericksburg
Virginia. North under general Ambrose Burnsides control. South woth General Robert E Lee. First major oposed river crossings. Union was suposed to attack but didnt because of not listening to so abraham lincoln ordered burnside to initiate battle and did in Fredercksburg. Burnside used bad tactics which lead to confederate victory. Robert E Lee was a very good tactitian. Led to the "Mud March" about 13000 casualties compared to 5000 confederate casualties Ambrose was let go because bad tactics. -
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Chancelorsville
Union 97000 soldiers 14000 casualties (They lost) There was a high plato but they evacuated it so the south took advantage of the bad decision. Confederates had 57000 soldiers 10000 vcasualties (won) Stonewall Jackson died by friendly fire. Invaded maryland then pensylvania. General Hooker retired after losing, General Meade replaced. South benefited little form this. Robert E Lee had less soldiers than North (Not supposed to split army) but he did anyway and it worked out but north had more ppl -
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Seige of Vicksburg
North Used anaconda plan to cut off the souths resources. Last major cofederate stronghold. Was a seige Union was attempting to cut off cofederate fresources. First attempt was a fail by the union. The Union used gorilla warfare even though it was ahead of their time.North 157 men killes 777 wounded 8 MIA South 8 killed 62 wounded. Sent a note to Grant telling surrender. Grant didnt want prisoners so he paroled them. -
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Gettysburg
Union had 23000 and South had 23031. Union won. Confederate Robert E LEe Union George and John F Reynolds. Largest battle in the Civil war. Approached on the note that there were a lot of soldiers on the ground . Union collapsed after the confederate attack. Union held ground. Union still fought back and beat them again. Gettesburg adress was presented. Women disguised as soldiers. -
Battle of Atlanta
William T sherman became comander and cheif of the Us army. Main battle tactic. Union formed in L Shape and they surrpiunded the army. Battle importance because it was the center of military importance and was the main target for the Union army. -
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Yuni
North had William T Shermon South had Ulysis S Grant. From Atlanta to Savanah Gorgia. South had 13000 men Union had 62000 men in 2 columns. Lots of civilian homes destroyed. Lincoln hated this plan. Economy was destroyed and the moral of confederates destroyed. -
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Reconstruction
The rebuilding of the South begins, Trying to get the South back to normal, Lasted until March 31, 1877,An overall failure, South became a sloppy backwater that ruled through fear and second class citizenship jan 1865 -
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Freedmen's Bureau
was a U.S. federal government agency established in 1865 to aid freedmen (freed slaves) in the South during the Reconstruction era of the United States, which attempted to change society in the former Confederacy Freedmen's Bureau was an important agency of early Reconstruction, assisting freedmen in the South -
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Carpetbagger
was a Northerner who moved to the South after the American Civil War, during the Reconstruction era White Southerners denounced them fearing they would loot and plunder the defeated South -
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The Ku Klux Klan
A group of white southerners, against ANY minority gaining civil rights, Originally a political group for ex-Confederate soldiers, Used violence and intimidation to frighten blacks, Murdered and lynched -
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Black Codes
These laws had the intent and the effect of restricting African Americans' freedom, and of compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt. Black Codes were part of a larger pattern of Southern whites trying to suppress the new freedom of emancipated African American slaves, the freedmen. From the colonial period, colonies and states had passed laws that discriminated against free Blacks. In the South, these were generally included in "slave codes;" -
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Sharecropping
Landowners allow tenants (usually former slaves) to farm and live on a piece of land in exchange for some of the profits 1866 -
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Reperations
War payments to help cover and pay for damages. Used to aquire money from the people in order to rebuild. -
Civil Rights Act of 1866
was the first United States federal law to define US citizenship and affirm that all citizens are equally protected by the law. It was mainly intended to protect the civil rights of Africans born in or brought to America, in the wake of the American Civil War. -
the 14th amendment
guaranteed citizenship to all natural born citizens or naturalized citizens within the U.S. except for Indians, State govs. can't deprive anyone of life, liberty, or property without due process of law july 9 1868 -
15th Amendment
Gave all men the right to vote from African Americans to white men without land. You could now vote if you were a former slave and or did not own land. -
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Enforcement Acts
were three bills passed by the United States Congress between 1870 and 1871. They were criminal codes which protected African-Americans’ right to vote, to hold office, to serve on juries, and receive equal protection of laws -
Dawes Act
adopted by Congress in 1887, authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians. Those who accepted allotments and lived separately from the tribe would be granted United States citizenship -
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Heabus Corpus
A writ that requires a person to be brought before a judge or court for investigation of restraint, protection of illegal imprisonment
