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Italy
This happened in Parma and Modena in 1831, where the uprisings were crushed, and again in 1848 with the same result. -
Italy
Nationalist forces in Italy rebelled against their foreign rulers. -
Italy
In 1852, Count Camillo di Cavour become prime minister of Sardinia, a kingdom that included both the island of Sardinia and the Piedmont region of northern Italy -
Italy
Having thus formed a friendship with France, Cavour joined Napoleon III in an attack on Austria. As a result, Lombardy and Sardinia were united in 1859 -
Italy
In 1860, the fiery republican Giuseppe Garibaldi led an invasion of his followers, the Red Shirts, into the kingdom of Sicily, ostensibly to join a popular uprising. -
Italy
The nation was officially united in 1861; the king of Sardinia was crowned Victor Emmanuel II of Italy later that year. -
War
When France declared war on Prussia in 1870, occupying French troops abandoned Rome -
Italy
This did not end the hostility between the Church and the Italian state; if anything, it grew more intense. It would not be resolved until Prime Minister Benito Mussolini signed an agreement naming the Vatican an independent city-state in 1929