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Italian Unification

By Steph13

  • French Revolution

    This led to absolute monarchy being swept awayand the introduction of political and administrative reform based on the idea of liberty
  • Period: to

    Unification of Italy

  • Prussia and Austria launched into war on revolutionary France

    This affected Italy due to the Austrian control over Lombardy and the influence it had over the other Italian states.

  • Jacobins were the most radical of the French revolution

    They spoke about liberty and the brotherhood of man. They were involved in plots to overthrow the government in Naples and Turin. They also spoke about liberty of the Italian people which would be achieved by the destruction of autocracy.

  • Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Northern Italy

    Napoleon had the intention to sweep out Austrian influence. A series of French victories left Napoleon in control of most of Italy and made a number of political changes.

  • Cisalpine Republic

    The regions of Lombardy, Modena, Bologna, Romagna and Ferrara were united into this republic. It had an administrative model similar to the French one but Parliament was elected by Napoleon.

  • The republic of Genoa became Republic of Ligura under French Control

  • French invaded the Papal States

  • Napoleon invaded Venice

    But he handed it over to the Austrians

  • Piedmont allowed to keep Monarchy

    This meant Piedmont lost Savoy and Nice to France

  • French invaded Rome

    They deposed the Pope Pius VI. A revolutionary Roman republic was set up under French control and the republic's constitution was modelled on that of the French.

  • Coalition of anti-French states formed to push French out of Italy

    This was known as the Second Coalition and planned for the Austrian and Russian armies to invade Italy

  • Austrian and Russian armies invaded Italy and defeated French

  • Piedmont annexed to France

  • Revolt in Naples against French rule

    This ended in the slaughter of thousands of middle class supporters of the new order

  • Napoleon returned to France

    He seized political power and declared himself First Consul and planned a campaign in Italy

  • Napoleon led large army into Northern Italy

    He restored the Cisapline Republic and moved rapidly to face the large Austrian army

  • Battle of Marengo

    Napoleon had a great victory which secured French control of Northern Italy for the next 14 years

  • Central Duchies were combined into Kingdom of Etruria

    This was annexed to France

  • Cisalpine Republic became Kingdom of Italy and Napoleon declared himself its King

  • North-West regions of Italy incorporated into France

    This included Piedmont, Parma and Liguria. These regions were ruled as Franch departments and were exposed to the administrative reforms that were imposed in France, the Code Napoleon.

  • Napoleon's armies took over the Papal States

    Between 1805 and 1808

  • Naples ruled by Napoleon's brother

    All feudal rights were abolished

  • Napoleon declared Rome would be the 'Second City of the Empire'

    This meant that Rome was to be incorporated into the French Empire and Pope Pius VII was to become a prisoner

  • Sicily dominated by British

    The British encouraged the introduction of a constitution in 1812 to be drawn up based on British lines- Parliament with two houses and a constitutional monarchy.

  • French left Italy

    Secret Societies (Carbonari) plotted against the restored governments

  • Piedmont (under Treaty of Vienna)

    Victor Emmanuel I returned to Piedmont and restored an absolutist state. Code Napoleon was repealed. The port and state of Genoa was granted to the House of Savoy

  • Lombardy and Venice (under Treaty of Vienna)

    Lombardy was returned to Austrian control

  • The Central Duchies (under Treaty of Vienna)

    Teh Central Duchies were left tightly under Austrian influence. Grand Duke Ferdinand III, brother of the Austrian Emperor, became ruler of Tuscany. However, he was not as repressive a other rulers as he allowed freedom of expression which was not allowed in the rest of Italy.

  • The Carbonari were the largest secret society

  • Union with Naples was unpopular for those who disliked the Bourbons (R-Naples)

    The repeal of the Sicilian-British style constitution in 1816 was a grievance for many. In both Naples and Sicily liberals hoped that the return of the Bourbons might bring a constitution that would guarantee political liberties.

  • Kingdom of Naples (under Treaty of Vienna)

    The Borbon King, Ferdinand I was restored to his throne and despite promises of maintaining some of the French legacy, the Church was restored as the original position of power and authority.

  • Treaty of Vienna

    the victors of the war, Britain, Austria, Russia and Prussia drew up a settlement they hoped would ensure peace in Europe. Prince Metternich was the most influential of the peacemakers.
    Metternich hoped to restore pre-1796 order. This crushed the hopes of liberals and nationalists.

  • Tariffs were re-imposed between Italian states

  • The Bourbon Monarchy was in financial difficulty (R- Naples

    They had to pay for the Austrian army of occupation and reparations were imposed by Austria. There were cutbacks in government spending.

  • Napoleonic wars came to an end

    Napoleon was banished to the island of St Helena in the Atlantic Ocean

  • Papal States (under Treaty of Vienna)

    Pope Pius VII was restored to his position as spiritual and temporal ruler of the Papal States. Code Napoleon was abolished in most places (not Emilia-Romagna) and the papal legal codes were re-established. Austrian armed forces were to be stationed in the Papal States, this showed that Austrian would use force to protect the settlement imposed on Italy

  • Fall in agricultural prices hit port of Palermo (R-Naples)

    This meant a decline in trade

  • British-inspired constitution abolished in Sicily

  • The Adelfi become the Society of the Sublime Perfect Masters

    Its main aim was the destruction of Austrian rule that would lead to a democratic republic. Its leader was Filippo Buonarrotti who was an experienced revolutionary. The membership was based in the North.

  • News from Spain hit Naples that an uprising against King Ferdinand VII resulted in a constitution (R-Naples)

    This was trigger for revolution in Naples.

  • The Neapolitian Revolt

    The scale was small, 30 members of the Carbonari supported by 100 soldiers from the local garrison.

  • King Ferdinand agreed to a new constitution based on the Spanish model of 1812

    A new government was sworn in that included a number of ministers from the Carbonari. However, the new government was quickly undermined by its own weaknesses as the Carbonari were divided umong themselves as they had no policies apart from the demand for a constitution

  • Congress of Troppau

    The revolutionary uprisings worried Austrian foreign minister Prince Metternich so much that he called a congres at Troppau to discuss this issue. Metternich was an enemy to any revolutionary activity across Europe. The Troppau Doctrine was agreed by Eastern powers but not Britain (Did this show their support?)

  • Metternich called another Congress at Laibach

    Ferdinand was invited to join, which he did. Once out of Naples, he renounced the constitution and demanded the Austrians for military support

  • Austrian troops entered Naples and the revolutionary government was crushed

    Ferdinand unleashed a wave of repression and a number of the Carbonari were executed.

  • Piedmontese army officers seized the fortress of Alessandria and declared a provisional government

    Revolution then spread. In Turin, the army mutinied and Victor Emmanuel abdicated in favour of his brother Charles Felix who was away on a visit to Modena. Charles Albert was appointed regent.

  • Revolutionaries declared that the king, Charles Albert, should be declared 'King of Italy'

    These revolutionaries were nationally minded in that they wanted to expel Austria from Italy. Charles Albert issued a constitution. However, when Charles Felix returned from Modena he declared he would not accept any change in the form of government and asked Metternich for military support. Charles Albert fled.

  • The revolutionaries were defeated at Novara by a combination of Austrian and Piedmontese troops

    This showed that Austrian domination was the most important factor in deciding the political fate of Italy.

  • Revolution in Sicily

    News spread from Naples to Sicily. There was great unrest in Palermo and there were cries of support of a new constitution. The revolution was led by workers in Palermo. Little in their demands suggested they had any nationalist sentiment. The revolution was also only confined to Palermo.

  • Leo XII was elected Pope

    He immediately imposed a strict clerical regime

  • Leo XII died and was succeeded by Pius VIII

  • Pius died after less than a year in office

  • July Days Uprising in France

    Many of the Italian revolutionaries fled abroad to France and took part in the July Days uprising. Charles X the French king was overthrown and replaced by Louis Phillipe who promised to act as a constitutional monarch. Italian revolutionaries believed that the revolution in France may lead to French support of a similar revolution in Italy.

  • Outbreak of revolution in the Papal States

    Attempt of a revolution by Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (III) in Rome was a failure. A more serious reaction to the clerical rule emerged. The aim was not to create a united Italy but to challenge the clerical state and re-establish a secular state similar to the one under Napoleonic rule.

  • Ciro Menotti was arrested two days before the revolution was due to begin (R-Modena)

    The uprising in Modena was led by Enrico Misley who originally tried to enlist the support of the Duke, Francesco IV by promising him support in becoming King of Italy. Francesco appeared interested by became aware of challenging Austrian power. He had Ciro Menotti arrested who was one of the most important members of the conspiracy.

  • A revolutionary army captured the papal port of Ancona and the Umbrian capital Perugia

    This was led by Colonel Giuseppe Sercognani

  • Revolution went ahead in Bologna and spread to Modena

  • Francesco fled to Vienna to ask for support from Metternich

    While there he heard news that the ruler of Parma, Marie Louise, had fled in similar demands for a constitution

  • Francesco returned to the Central Duchies with an Austrian Army

    The revolutionaries were crushed and revolutionaries like Menotti were executed

  • provisional government led by Giovanni Vicini was set up in Bologna

    It issued a constitution promising:

    A reformed finance system with moderated tariffs,

    An elected assembly that would choose a president and cabinet,

    A fairer judicial system based on Napoleonic rule,

  • Austrian army intervened and took Bologna with ease

    The revolutionary army surrendered to Papal forces believing the papal intermediary cardinal when he promised amnestu for all those who had taken up arms against papal rule. They were mistaken to trust him. The Papal armies swept through the marches acting in a manner that would sow the seeds for further revolution.

  • Young Italy founded by Mazzini

    -Believed in democracy

    -The will of the people was to live in an 'independent nation' and to achieve this it was necessary to engage in revolution

    -Mazzini did not only envisage a union of northern Italian states but a union of all Italian speaking provinces

    -Young Italy was also republican in its views but did not dismiss constitutional monarchies

  • Young Italy proposed army coup was detected before it could begin

    Charles Albert's government response was ferocious, 12 members of Young Italy were excecuted and 67 arrested

  • Planned attack on Piedmont by Young Italy fizzled out before it began

  • Uprising in Genoa led by Garibaldi, a new recruit in Young Italy, failed to get off the ground

  • Journal Il Politecnico founded in Milan 1839-1845

    This raised consciousness of a common culture and language among educated classes

  • Congresso degli Scienziata met in different parts of italy 1839-1847

    These meetings were attended by delegates from many different regions. The topics discussed were wide ranging and the language used at these meetings was Italian.

  • Giuseppe Verdi composed 'Nabucco'

    This had a clear political message, it was about the parallel that can be drawn between the enslavement of the Israelites and the repression of the Italians

  • Opera 'I Lombardi' was composed

    This was equally nationalistic as 'Nabucco'. Verdi's works also had anti-Austrian sentiment and performances of his works caused outbursts of violence between Italian patriots and Austrian army officers.

  • Publication of 'On the Moral and Civil Primacy of the Italians' by Gioberti

    -Gioberti agreed that Italy should be rid of all foreign influence

    -he believed there should be the creation of an Italian federation under the Pope

    -He believed the papacy in Rome gave Italians the upper hand over other European people

    -This established the neo-Guelphs

    -However his book failed to address the issue of Austrian control of Lombardy or Venetia and the fact Papal rule of the Papal States had not been popular or effective

  • Balbo published his book 'The Hopes of Italy'

    -He argued in favour of a federation of states but only limited to the north

    -Balbo accepted that the Papacy was important, however, he suggested that the Piedmontese monarchy should take the lead in expelling the Austrians from Lombardy and Venice
    -Balbo argued against revolution and argued for the solutions of dilemmas facing Italian nationalists being found in Italian and European diplomacy
    -Balbo failed to address what would happen if Austria refused to move out of Lombardy

  • D'Azeglio was witness first hand to an attempted revolution in Romagna in the Papal States

  • Pope Gregory XVI died

    He was succeeded by Cardinal Mastai Ferretti who chose the title of Pius IX. Pius was quite liberal in that he declared amnesty for political offences and released 2,000 prisoners from the papal gaols. This move impressed the liberals as did his election of the liberal Cardinal Gizzi as his Secretary of State.

  • D'Azeglio published his account of the revolution

    -Those who died in the Romagna revolution should be treated as Martyrs because they fought against Austrian and Papal tyranny

    -Revolution was NOT the way forward

    -Balbo and D'Azeglio agreed that public opinion and European opinion were crucial. If it was well informed and positive, change would come naturally

  • Economic problems in Italy during 1846-7

    Poor harvests led to food riots from north to southand made deep-rooted economic problems worse:

    -In southern areas land enclosure had taaken common land from the peasantry who responded with violence
    -In the north, under-employment in the textile industries resulted in workers destroying machienery

  • Press censorship by the Church was ended and censorship in the Papal States was undertaken by a committee of laymen

    A civic guard of local people was created to protect property and the guard was armed.

  • A Council of State, the Consulta was set up

    This advised the papcy on how to run the Papal States. Although the council's powers were limited, many liberals believed it was the first step on the road to the elected Parliament they desired.

  • Austria still owned the town of Ferrara despite it being located inside the Papal States (under the Treaty of Vienna)

    -Pius lodged a formal protest with the Austrian government where he claimed the soverignity of the Papal States had been infringed

  • Charles Albert of Piedmont sacked his conservative minister and announced a package of limited reforms

    He allowed press censorship to be relaxed and local government reorganised. However, granting reform still did little to satisfy the liberals and radicals who increased their demands for reform. The same happened in Tuscany where Duke Leopold II introduced limited reforms which encouraged radicals to demand a constitution.

  • Pius proposed a customs union of Italian states in which trade could take place without tariffs being imposed

    A treaty was signed in November with Tuscany and Piedmont which left out the states controlled by Austria

  • Uprising in Palermo (Sicily)

    There were no demands for national unity but a reaction against the repressive regime of Ferdinand II. After a few days the revolutionaries had taken control of the city. The demand of the revolutionaries was re-establishment of the 1812 constitution which Ferdinand would not accept.

  • Sicilian revolutionaries set up their own provisional government

    -A National Guard was established to ensure the lower orders and more militant revolutionaries did not get out of control

    -Hostility was maintained towards Naples and key government positions were reserved for Sicilians

  • An uprising of secret societies in Salerno (Naples) forced concessions from Ferdinand

    This included a promise to free political prisoners. However this wasn't enough for the revolutionaries who still wanted a constitution.

  • A mass demonstration in Naples

    This forced Ferdinand to agree to a constitution. However, he agreed partly due to the fact that he could not rely on Austrian support as his father had done in 1820 because as a result of Austrian behaviour is Ferrara Pius IX refused to let Austrian troops cross the Papal States.

  • Grand Duke Leopold granted an equally conservative constitution to Ferdinand

  • Sicilian elections took place

  • Charles Albert granted the 'Statuto'

    -Parliament was given the right to introduce laws

    -The lower house of parliament was to be elected on a limited suffrage and was given the power to discuss financial issues

    -It guaranteed civil liberties for Piedmontese citizens, e.g. religious toleration. It was the granting of such liberties which meant the Statuto went further than other constitutions

  • Austrian rulers refused to respond to agitation of reform

    The Milanese boycotted smoking because Austria held the monopoly over the sale of tobacco in Lombardy

  • Metternich resigned as Foreign Minister

    This was a trigger for revolution

  • Barricades were thrown up in Milan and a full-scale battle followed

    The Austrian governor and troops were on one side with a coalition of anti-Austrian forces, including Mazzinians, liberals, around 100 priests, artisans and writers on the other.

  • Field Marshal Radetzky withdrew his troops to the safety of the fortress of the Quadrilatera

    The temporary collapse of Austrian rule left a political vacuum in Lombardy. The conservative moderates of the Milan City Council feared an independent Lombard republic and so proposed a union with Piedmont. During the uprisings, more radical milanese formed a Council of War led by Carlo Cattaneo and they wanted a creation of a federation of Italian republics.

  • Dmonstrations in Venice led to a Venetian republic declared

    In Venice the demonstrations were demanding the release of Daniel Manin, he was finally released and a Venetian republic was declared. The newly elected Venetian assembly voted to ask Charles Albert for help.

  • Piedmont declared war on Austria

    Due to the moment of Austrian weakness and Metternich gone, Lombardy was ripe for annexation. Charles Albert believed he could annex Lombardy without a fight. Troops from across Italy converged on Lombardy to join with Charles Albert to purge Italy of the hated Austrians once and for all. Soldiers came from Naples and the Papal States.

  • Provisional Government formed that was led by Cassati and dominated by moderates

    They feared the return of Austrians so asked Charles Albert for support

  • Newly elected Parliament announced Ferdinand was no longer King of Sicily

    This meant an Italian prince was to be chosen in his place

  • The Pope had a limited response in the Papal States following the Statuto

    He allowed the creation of a Parliament but it had less power than those in other states. He also denied the citizens of the Papal States the basic liberties promised by the Piedmontese Statuto.

  • Pope Pius IX issued his famous allocution

    -He stated the war against Austria did not have his blessing

    -He highlighted that Charles Albert was the agressor in the war

    -The idea of a united Italy was not supported by the papcy and he did not wish to be a potential leader of any Italian confederation

  • Ferdinand II had re-established autocratic government in Naples

    General Pepe (who brought troops from Naples) was ordered home, although he ignored these requests many of his troops headed south.

  • Charles Albert's Army had some successes in its campaign against Austria

    It took Pechiea and won the Battle of Goito

  • The Sicilian constitution gave considerable powers to the lower house of Parliament

    This was not a radical revolution butt aimed at a constitutional settlement that would give Italy independence. But this was not acceptable to Ferdinand.

  • The Austrian army defeated the Piedmontese and their allies at Custozza

    Radetzky had persuaded the Austrian government to fight for Lombardy rather than give it to Charles Albert

  • Piedmontese were expelled from Lombardy

  • Armistice of Salasco was brokered by 11th August

    This meant Charles Albert gave up Lombardy

  • Ferdinand launched a military attack on the island

    This earned him the nickname 'King Bomba'

  • Prince Felix zu Schwarzenberg was appointed PM of Austria

    This move would have stopped the Piedmontese from believing the Austrians would be prepared to give territorial concessions to prevent further conflict.

  • Charles Albert was persuaded by PM Gioberti and General Domenico Chiodo to try to defeat the Austrians again

  • The Pope fled Rome in fear of his life

    The assassination of Rossi was the trigger of an insurection against the Pope which is why he fled Rome.

  • Radetsky crushed the Piedmontese Army at Novara

    This caused Charles Albert to abdicate the threone of the Kingdom of Sardinia in favour of his son Victor Emmanuel II

  • King Bomba and the Neapolitian army finally crushed the insurrection in Sicily

  • Peace was signed with Austria

    Piedmont was forced to pay reparations of 65 million french francs. This humiliated the Italians and led them to believe that in order to defeat the Austrians militarily, they would need help from abroad.

  • Pius appointed Count Pellegrino Rossi as his prime minister

    Rossi was not popular with the Rome mob and was murdered on 15th November while entering the Roman Parliament.

  • Power in Rome was exercised by a revolutionary government led by Giuseppe Galletti

    Galletti introduced some popular measures:

    -The abolition of Macinato (a tax which was placed on the griding of corn)

    -The government proposed the meeting of a Constituent Assembly, the Costituente, which would decide the future of Rome and Italy

  • Napoleon III assasination attempt

    -4 Italians led by Count Felice Orsini
    -The hope was that this would lead to the restoration of a republic in France that would help make an Italian republic
    -Orsini's bomb failed to harm Napoleon by killed 7 onlookers and 150 others

  • Plombieres

    -Kingdom of upper Italy, ruled by the House of Savoy would be created to cover the provinces of Piedmont, Venetia and Lombardy and the duchies of Parma, Modena and Papal Legations
    -Kingdom of Central Italy controlled by Tuscany
    -In return for 200,000 troops, Napoleon demanded Nice and Savoy
    -Agreement sealed with marriage of Maried Clotilde (Italian King's daughter) and Prince Jerome Bonaparte

  • Villafranca

    -Piedmont gave into Napoleon
    -Austria agreed France would have Lombardy which would be given to Piedmont in time
    -Piedmont would not be given Modena or parma, and would be forbidden to annex Mantua and Peschiera in Lombardy
    -An italian confederation would be set up with the Pope at the head