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The Sorrows of the Young Werther by Goethe
A book about a young lover who commits suicide over an unreturned love. -
Reflections on the Revolutions in France
A political pamphlet written by the Irish statesman Edmund Burke to express that the French Revolution changed too fast and change must happen over time -
Essay on the Principles of Population by Malthus
This essay established that if population went unchecked food supply would eventually run out, with this poverty and misery were the results of nature so the government shouldn't interfere. -
Robert Owen opened New Lanark
New Lanark, Scotland was a factory community that promoted higher wages, schools, and improved conditions for laborers and citizens of the community. His society offered aid for old laborers and benefits for those who got sick. -
Britain's Act of Union
This act created a union between the Parliament of Great Britain and the Parliament of Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. -
Alexander I reigned in Russia
Tsar Alexander I was originally a reformer but after the Napoleonic Wars he turned into a conservative which led to growing opposition. He died in December 1, 1825. -
Congress of Vienna
A meeting to discuss the distribution of power after the reign of Napoleon -
Louis XVII reigned in France
A conservative but moderate king that followed the ruling of Napoleon, he kept a lot of Napoleon's reforms. He faced oppositions from both liberals and ultraroyalists and he remained under the radar during his reign. -
Bourbon Restoration
After Napoleon's reign in France, Louis XVIII was conservative but moderate but kept all of Napolean's legal system, kept his civil and religious liberties, property, and legislature. -
Concert of Europe created
To save conservatism and stop the spread of liberal ideas: Prussia, Russia, Austria, Britain, and France. -
Britain's Corn Laws
These laws place a high tariff on foreign grain to help British farmers sell their crops; this law, however, makes the price of bread and grain rise. -
Iron Law of Wages
This is a theory proposed by David Ricardo which stated that population directly coordinated with wages and a large population would lead to famine, poverty, and death. -
Congress of Aix-La-Chapelle
This congress called for no more occupation army in France and France would be joining the Quadruple alliance. -
Frankenstein by Mary Shelley
A book about technology gone wrong, it had an underlying meaning of the Industrial Revolution being negative. -
Peterloo Massacre
When a group of 60,000 workers met at St. Peter's field to protest their lack of representation in the government. A group of British cavalry charged into the crowd, killing 15 people. -
Carlsbad Decrees
After the assassination of Karl Sands by a college student from the Burschenschaften, German states closed all burschenschaften groups, censored press, and supervised universities. -
Prometheus Unbound by Percy Bysshe Shelley
Poetry that portrays humans revolting against oppressive laws and customs. -
Congress of Troppau
This congress established that the alliance would stop the revolutions in Italy and Spain, minus Britain and France. -
Congress of Laibach
The congress that established that Austrians would stop revolts in Italy. -
Congress of Verona
This congress was the last effective manifestation by the Quadruple Alliance the meeting established the use of French armies to subdue revolutions in Spain. Britain also threatened their fellow allies with their navy if they interfered with the revolutions in Latin America. -
Monroe Doctrine
A doctrine which established that any attempt of a European power to recolonize Latin America would be viewed by the U.S as an act of aggression and would be met with aggression -
Charles X reigned in France
Charles X was an ultra conservative king who gave money to aristocrats who lost land during the revolution and gave the church control over schools. He upset the liberals and his reigned came to an end after the 2nd French Revolution. -
Nicholas I reigned in Russia
Nicholas I was a conservative tsar after the Decembrist revolts and he was known as the policeman of Europe. -
Decembrist Revolt
This revolt called for Constantine, the older brother of Nicholas I, to become tsar, this revolt was crushed. -
Louis-Philippe's reign in France
Louis-Philippe was known as the "Citizen King," he came from the Bourgeois class. He reduced property qualifications for voting and doubled the electorate. However, he did not change the terrible living and working conditions of the working class. Reigned until 1848. -
First Belgian Revolution
Belgians were never consulted in the Congress of Vienna and were forced to unite with the protestant Netherlands. Britain and France promised to protect the new nation of Belgium, allowing them to win the wars. -
Louis-Napoleon comes to power in France
Louis-Napoleon III reigned after the events of the Third French Revolution. He was the ruler during the Second French Republic and declared himself emperor. -
July Revolution
When workers in Paris took to the streets to protest King Charles X and his outrageous food prices. After three days of fighting King Charles X fled France and a new constitution was written under Louis Philippe. -
Second French Revolution
The Second Revolution was the overthrow of Charles X after the July Revolution and the introduction of king Louis-Philippe. -
Young Italy Created
There were nine Italian states and a secret society called Carbonari, a society that wanted to rid Italy of the Hapsburgs. Giuseppe Mazzini led the revolution. -
Greek Independence
The greeks, with the support of several romantic writers, gained their independence from the Ottoman, this revolution lead to the independent state of Greece. -
Britain's Reform Bill of 1832
This bill ended corrupt voting districts, doubled the voting population, and lessened the land requirement. -
The Zollverein created
The Zollverein was an alliance of German states formed to manage tariffs and economic policies within their territories. -
Young Germany was created
When several of the princes of several German states met at the Frankfurt Assembly to create a single unified Germany and a Germanic constitution- which was passed by King Fredrick William IV. -
The People's Charter
This document called for six reforms to make the political system more democratic, a vote for every man twenty-one years of age, of sound mind, and not undergoing punishment for a crime, a secret ballot to protect the elector in the exercise of his vote, no property qualification for Members of Parliament, payment of members, the same amount of representation for the same number of electors, and annual Parliamentary elections. -
Frederick William IV reigned in Prussia
Frederick William IV was originally a king who adopted liberal reforms but after Napoleon he because a reactionary that lacked reforms and didn't want German unity. He eventually accepted the crown of Young Germany. the His reign ended in 1861. -
Flora Tristan publishes Worker's Union
Tristan discussed that the inequality of sexes was because of inequality of ownership of property, this book laid the foundation for future equality movements -
Irish Potato Famine
Potatoes were the cheapest crop in poor Ireland and when a blight struck and potatoes became unharvestable, 20% of the Irish population depleted. -
Revolution in Italy
These were results in Italian states led by intellectuals and agitators who desired a liberal government. They were crushed by Austrians. -
The Communist Manifesto
Written by Karl Marx and Fredrick Engles. A book written to discuss a classless society instead of the society that was split into the haves and have-nots. The book discussed the fact that history changed due to the economic conditions of people, it also stated that social issues came from how people made a living. -
Frankfurt Assembly
The meeting of several German princes to create a unified Germany -
June Days
When France's National Workshops closed, not allowing thousands of Parisian workers to be paid, they took to the streets to riot. 1,500 rebels were killed. -
Third French Revolution
The third French Revolution was caused by lower class poverty, upper class corruption, and Louis-Philippe's lack of reforms. It ended with Louis Napoleon III as emperor of France. -
On Liberty by Mill
On Liberty established that "Absolute freedom of opinion." -
Das Kapital
Karl Marx discussed his opinion on the capitalist system and if capitalism continues to dominate in our society than the economy will hurl towards self-destruction.
