Islamic Spain and the Inquisition

King Roderick

710

King Roderic was the last Visogothic king of Spain. He died a year after his ruling because of Muslim Invasion. Not much can be said with certainty about King Roderic except he was the last Goth to rule from Toledo. He was born in Spain and died the ruler of Spain. Britannica.com

Battle of Clavijo

844

The Battle of Clavijo was a war believed for many centuries to have been historical fact, between the Christian Kingdom of Asturias and the IslamicEmirate of Cordoba where one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus Christ, James the Greater, came from Heaven to assist the Christians in battle against their enemies and win victory of the battle.
https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Myth/BattleOfClavijo

El Cid

1043

The Cid now loyally served al-Muʿtamin and his successor, al-Mustaʿīn II, for nearly a decade. As a result of his experience he gained that understanding of the complexities of Hispano-Arabic politics and of Islamic law and custom that would later help him to conquer and hold Valencia.
El-Cid-Castilian-military-leader

Division between Orthodox Christianity & Roman Catholicism

1054

The Great Schism split the religion of Christianity into 2 divisions, Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox. Today they are still the 2 main components of Christianity. On July 16, 1054 Patriarch of Constantinople Michael Cerularius was excommunicated from the Christian church based in Rome, Italy. Where then the 2 were split and have been since then.
https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/great-schism/#

King Alfonso VI

1057

Alfonso was the second son of King Ferdinand I and his wife Sancha; he was educated by Raimundo, later the bishop of Palencia, and by Pedro Ansúrez, the count of Carrión. On his death in 1065, Ferdinand left to Alfonso the kingdom of Leon together with tribute paid by the Muslim kingdom of Toledo.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alfonso-VI

Toledo Falls to Alfonso VI

1085

The Siege of Toledo was a key moment in the struggle between the Christians and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula. The city was the capital of the Taifa kingdom of al-Andalus and its fall to King Alfonso VI of Castile spurred the Reconquista, the Christian conquest of Muslim Spain.
https://www.britannica.com/event/Siege-of-Toledo

Battle of Ucles under King Alfonso VI

1108

Ever since the loss of Toledo to the Christians in 1085, a major goal of the Moorish powers of al-Andalus in southern Spain had been to recapture that important Iberian city. In 1108, for the first time in six years, a major Almoravid army set out to attack the Christian territory of Toledo.
http://realcrusadeshistory.blogspot.com/2017/11/the-battle-of-ucles-1108.html

King Alfonso VI Dies

1109

Between 1086 and 1109 Alfonso suffered constant defeat by the Almoravids; in the last battle, that of Uclés in 1108, he lost his only son, Sancho. It was characteristic of his indomitable spirit that he at once arranged for his daughter, Urraca, to marry Alfonso I of Aragon so that the war against the Almoravids should be continued after his death, even though it meant that Leon and Castile would be ruled by an Aragonese prince.
Alfonso-VI

Conquest of Portugal Starts

1139

Ferdinand got basically the Holy Roman Empire and founded the Austrian branch of the Habsburgs and Philip got Spain and its Empire and the Low Countries, what is now Belgium and the Netherlands. The latter was sometimes characterized as The Fatal Inheritance for all the problems it created for Philip.
Theconquest.htm

Battle of Ourique

1139

By victory in the Battle of Ourique (1139) he was able to impose tribute on his Muslim neighbors; and in 1147 he further captured Santarém and, availing himself of the services of passing crusaders, successfully laid siege to Lisbon. He carried his frontiers beyond the Tagus River, annexing Beja in 1162 and Évora in 1165; in attacking Badajoz, he was taken prisoner but then released.
Afonso-I-king-of-Portugal

Medieval Inquisition through Europe

1357

The Inquisition was a powerful office set up within the Catholic Church to root out and punish heresy throughout Europe and the Americas. Beginning in the 12th century and continuing for hundreds of years, the Inquisition is infamous for the severity of its tortures and its persecution of Jews and Muslims.
Inquisition

Nicholas Eymeric

1357

Nicholas Eymerich was a Roman Catholic theologian in Medieval Spain and Inquisitor General of the Inquisition in the Crown of Aragon in the later half of the 14th century. He is best known for authoring the Directorium Inquisitorum, that mostly summarized previous texts and mores.
Britannica.com

Massacres of Jews and Being Converted to Christianity

1391

In the year 1096, in the early stages of the First Crusade, Jewish communities, mainly in the Rhineland, were attacked and massacred by bands of crusaders. These events, which have been considered by historians as the first major persecution of the Jews in medieval Europe, aroused a wide-ranging discussion.
J.1478-0542.2007.00444.x

Ferdinand II & Isabella I Unite Castile and Aragon into Single United Spain

1468

Ferdinand and Isabella incorporated a number of independent Spanish dominions into their kingdom and in 1478 introduced the Spanish Inquisition, a powerful and brutal force of homogenization in Spanish society. In 1492, the reconquest of Granada from the Moors was completed, and the crown ordered all Spanish Jews to convert to Christianity or face expulsion from Spain. Four years later, Spanish Muslims were handed a similar order.
Ferdinand-and-isabella-marry

Political conditions aligned

1469

Many historians believe that the crusading spirit of the Reconquista was preserved in the subsequent Spanish emphasis on religious uniformity, evidenced by the strong influence of the Inquisition and the expulsion of people of Moorishand Jewish descent. Reconquista

Pope Sixtus Authorizes Spain Inquisition

1478

Called the Catholic Monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella further united the Spanish kingdoms into an imperial force. In 1478 Pope Sixtus IV issued a papal bull, or decree, authorizing the Catholic Monarchs to name inquisitors in order to enforce religious uniformity and to expel Jews from Spain.
Spanish-Inquisition-Key-Facts

First Auto De Fe in Seville

1481

The first auto-da-fé took place at Sevilla in 1481; the last, in Mexico in 1850. The ceremonies, which became increasingly elaborate and spectacular, were normally staged in the city plaza, often in the presence of royalty.
Auto-da-fe

Treaty of Granada

1491

The Treaty of Granada was signed and ratified on November 25, 1491 between Boabdil, the sultan of Granada, and Ferdinand and Isabella, the King and Queen of Castile, León, Aragon and Sicily. The Capitulation of Granada effectively completed the
Christian reconquest of Spain.

Decree of Alhambra

1492

You know well or ought to know, that whereas we have been informed that in these our kingdoms there were some wicked Christians who Judaized and apostatized from our holy Catholic faith, the great cause of which was interaction between the Jews and these Christians, in the courts which we held in the city of Toledo in the past year of one thousand, four hundred and eighty, we ordered the separation of the said Jews in all the cities,
Hh-alhambra-1492-english.pdf

Martin Luther Hangs His "Ninety-Five Thesis"

1517

On October 31, 1517, Martin Luther posted his Ninety-five Theses against papal indulgences, or the atonement of sins through monetary payment, on the door of the church at Wittenberg, Germany. Within less than four years, the Catholic Church would brand Luther a heretic, and the Holy Roman Empire would condemn him as an outlaw.