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White Revolution program
There is a heightened control over the opposition movements. Shah also launches the White Revolution program. The program is meant to modernize land, social and economic reforms. -
Period: to
Iranian Revolution and the Iran-Iraq War
The Iranian Revolution refers to a series of events that saw the overthrowing of the 2500 years of the Persian Monarchy which was under Pahlavi Shah Reza. Reza Shah, who had won tremendous support from the United States, was replaced by Grand Ayatollah under an Islamic regime. Also, The Iran-Iraq war was characterized by a prolonged conflict between the two countries. (Zahedi, D. (2018). The Iranian revolution then and now: Indicators of regime instability. Routledge.) -
Shah Imposing More Policies
Shah outlines the policies which were to be used during his ruling. The policies alienates with the clergy. The authoritarian rule leads to mass demonstrations, strikes and riots. The Martial law is also imposed. -
Shah Flee The Country
The political in Iran gets worse following strikes, demonstrations and riots in 1978. Shah’s cruel rule was the cause of the riots and the demonstrations. Shah and the family were forced to flee the country into exile. The same year in February Ayatollah Ruhollan returned from the 14-year exile in Iraq. There was a hostage of 52 Americans by the Islamic militants as they demanded Shah to face trial in Iran. (Karsh, E. (2014). The Iran Iraq War 1980 1988. Bloomsbury Publishing) -
The Start of Iran Iraq War
Bani-Sadr becomes the president of the Islamic Republic. The same year Shah dies of cancer in Egypt. In September the Iran-Iraq War started, lasting for eight years. The start of the War saw many people flee their countries for safety. -
President Bani Sadr
President Bani Sadr is accused of inefficiency by the Iranian Majilis. The Iranian War efforts are thus shifted and the ultimate crushing of the Iranian oil centers by the Iraq’s army. What follows are intense efforts towards the War and mass killings. -
Neighbor Country Join The Fight
There are reports that Iran is winning the War. Jordan promises to support Iraq in the War and young volunteers are willing to take part. The same year Iraq is removed from the list of countries that support terrorism. There are accusations from Saddam Hussein that U.S has done nothing to end the War. Saddam promises to end the war with Iran. -
Soviet Wants to End The War
The most offensive attack by Iran since the start of the war on southeast Iraq happens. Andrei Gromyko, Soviet’s Foreign Minister, meets delegates from the two sides in an attempt to end the War. Iraq warns of new weapon arrivals which had never been used in the War previously. (Amineh, M. P., & Eisenstadt, S. N. (2017). The Iranian Revolution. Meer N. Islam and Modernity. The Routledge Critical Concepts in Sociology, 4.) -
The Destruction Of War
Iran is branded a sponsor of international terrorism by the Secretary of State, George Schultz. There are attacks by Iraq against Iranian Civilians at the city of Dezful, near the border of the two countries. Three Iraq towns are bombed by the Iranian Forces. (Amineh, M. P., Eisenstadt, S. N., Preyer, G., & Sussman, M. (2015). Theorizing of the Iranian Revolution of 1978–1979: The Multiple Contexts of the Iranian Revolution. Varieties of Multiple Modernities: New Research) -
Iran-Contra affair
The Iran-Contra affair happens. This was after the Soviet Union and the United States stopped the supply of arms. The United States then tried to ensure the release of the hostages in Lebanon by supplying arms secretly. -
The United Nation Interferes
There is a prolonged attack at the Southern Iraqi by Iran. The Island of Umm al-Rasas is captured. The UN Security Council calls for an immediate cease-fire in the conflict between the two countries. -
The Use of Chemical Weapons
A discovery is made that United States is sending weapons to Iran. Iraq allows the United Nations team to investigate claims that there were chemical weapons which had been used against the Iranian soldiers. A cease-fire is still being pushed for. -
Desire to End The War
The Soviet embassy is attacked by the Iranian rioters. China promises a global arms embargo against Iran. The two countries sign a truce, promising to end the attacks.
