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13th Amendment Ratified
The Thirteenth Amendment abolishes slavery and involuntary servitude, other than in cases when it is used as punishment for a crime. -
14th Amendment Ratified
The Fourteenth Amendment defines U.S. citizenship and privileges thereof including due process, equal protection under the law, and also addresses with some post-Civil War issues. -
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Nez Perce War
The Nez Perce War was fought by 750 Nez Perce (500 women, children, and elderly), their leader being Chief Joseph and 2,000 U.S. Army soldiers (leader: U.S. Army Colonel Nelson Miles). The war ranged across 1,200 miles in Oregon, Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana and mostly in Wallowa country of northeast Oregon, the homeland of the Nez Perce. The arrival of white settlers in the Nez Perce region led to violence. -
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PART 2
The settlers killed as many as 30 Nez Perce during the 1860s and 70s. The Nez Perce were “NON-TREATY INDIANS” because they refused to give up their land. The war resulted in a United States Victory. -
[PRESIDENT ELECTION] James A. Garfield vs. Winfield Scott Hancock (1)
Garfield (R, 214 votes) vs. James B. Weaver (Greenback) vs. Hancock (D, 155 votes) // Vice President: Chester A. Arthur // Both parties equivocated on the currency issue and unenthusiastically endorsed civil service while supporting generous pensions for veterans and the exclusion of Chinese immigrants. On election, there was a high turnout (78.4%) and the result was one of the closest in history. -
PART 2
Garfield won the electoral college vote but his popular majority was less than 10,000 (4,454,416 to Hancock’s 4,444,952). James Garfield was assassinated less than four months into his term and died September 19, 1881. His vice president Chester A. Arthur replaced him. -
PART 2
Cleveland made very few public appearances, while Blaine toured the country. In the end, it was a very close election. -
[PRESIDENT ELECTION] Grover Cleveland vs. James G. Blaine
Cleveland (D, 219 votes) vs. Blaine (R, 182 votes) vs. Benjamin F. Butler (Greenback) vs. John P. St John (Prohibition) // V. President: Thomas A. Hendrick // This race ended in the election of the first Democratic president since 1856. When it became known that Cleveland, a bachelor, had fathered a child out of wedlock, Republicans chanted “Ma! Ma! Where’s my pa? Gone to the White House, Ha! Ha! Ha!” -
[PRESIDENT ELECTION] Benjamin Harrison vs. Grover Cleveland
Harrison (R, 233 votes) vs. Cleveland (D, 168 votes) vs. Clinton Fisk (Prohibition) vs. Alson Streeter (Union Labor) // Vice President: Levi P. Morton // Cleveland won the popular vote, but Harrison received more electoral votes in the electoral college. Paid voters were used to swing Indiana into Harrison’s favor when the votes were in favor of Cleveland. Harrison’s term as president created discontent between an act raising tariffs and stopping pensions for Civil War veterans. -
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PART 2
He claimed that the law conflicted with the 13th and 14th Amendments. By a 7 - 1 vote, the Court said that the law “implies merely a legal distinction” between the two races and did not conflict with the 13th Amendment. They stated that “separate but equal” was not against the law and that separate was not unequal. Following Plessy vs Ferguson, restrictive laws based on race still continued to be passed until Brown Vs. Board Education of Topeka in 1954. -
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[SUPREME COURT CASE] Plessy vs. Ferguson
Plaintiff: Homer Adolph Plessy. Described as ⅞ white. He was a Creole of Color. 30 years old // Judge: John H. Ferguson // In Louisiana, there was a law called the Louisiana’s Separate Car Act of 1890 which required African Americans and whites to sit in different compartments on public carriers. In 1892, Plessy was arrested when he refused to give up his seat in protest of the Separate Car Act. He had been sitting in the “whites only” car. In 1896, the Supreme Court heard his case. -
[PRESIDENT ELECTION] Grover Cleveland vs. Benjamin Harrison vs. James Baird Weaver
Cleveland (D, 277 votes) vs. Harrison (R, 145 votes) vs. Weaver (Populist [People’s], 22) vs. John Bidwell (Prohibition) // Vice President: Adlai Ewing Stevenson // Cleveland became the first former president to be restored to office. The Republicans supported ever-increasing rates, while the Democratic party demanded import taxes for revenue only. Harrison did not do much campaigning because his wife fell ill and died. Cleveland won, avenging his defeat of 1888. -
[PRESIDENT ELECTION] William McKinley vs. William Jennings Bryan
McKinley (R, 271 votes ) vs. William Jennings Bryan (D, 176 votes) // Vice President: Garret A. Hobart // Bryan spent a lot of time touring the country, stressing his support for silver coinage as a solution for economically disadvantaged American farmers. McKinley stayed at home and underscored the Republicans commitment to the gold standard and protectionism. Many people described Bryan as “dangerously radical”. -
[SUPREME COURT CASE] Davis vs. Massachusetts
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Spanish-American War
The Spanish-American War originated with the Cuban struggle for independence (1895). The USS Maine exploded in a Havana harbor causing the US to intervene in the Cuban War of Independence. The war was fought in Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines, and Guam between the United STtes and Spain. The Spanish-American war ended Spanish colonial rule in the Americas and resulted in U.S. acquisition of territories in the Western Pacific and Latin America. A result was the Treaty of Paris -
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Boxer Rebellion
The Boxer Rebellion was in the Northern China in the Shantung Province. The uprising was called the Boxer Rebellion because the revolt was begun by a secret Chinese religious society called "I Ho Ch’uan" which translated into English means "Righteous Harmony Fists". Because the original name of the secret society included the word "ch ‘uan", meaning fist, the rebels were called boxers by foreigners - hence the name of the Boxer Rebellion. -
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Philippine-American War
The Philippine-American War was fought between the First Philippine Republic and the United States. The United States got the Philippines as a result of the Spanish American war. The Philippines refused the treaty and they fought for their independence. This resulted in American occupation of the Philippines and dissolution of the First Philippine Republic. -
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Moro Rebellion
The Moro Rebellion was fought by the Moros and the United States. The Moros are the ethnic Muslims that reside in the Philippine area. They resist both the Spanish and American colonization and eventually the Americans won the war. Also, the annexation of the Philippine Islands occured. -
[PRESIDENT ELECTION] William McKinley vs. William Jennings Bryan
McKinley (R, 292 votes) vs. Bryan (D, 155 votes) vs. Eugene Debs (Social Democratic) // Vice President: Theodore Roosevelt // The same candidates were chosen as the previous term although new vice presidents were chosen.Again Bryan campaigned a lot and again, McKinley was elected as President. William McKinley was assassinated on September 6, 1901 and Vice President Theodore Roosevelt replaced him. -
[SUPREME COURT CASE] Jacobson vs. Massachusetts
Plaintiff: Henning Jacobson, a Lutheran minister and Swedish immigrant // Defendant: Justice John Marshall Harlan //
In Cambridge, MA, a Board of Health law was passed that made it mandatory for all adults to get a second smallpox vaccination or be fined $5. In the past, Jacobson and his son had suffered severe reactions to smallpox vaccinations so naturally he argued that getting the vaccination again would increase his risk of being injured or dying. -
PART 2
He later would prove that smallpox vaccinations were toxic and often caused injuries and even death and that doctors had no way of knowing how the vaccine would affect a patient. Jacobson argued that this law was a violation of his rights and to the 14th amendment. -
PART 3
Instead of paying the $5 fine, he took the case to the Supreme Court where the Court majority (7-2) decided that citizens do not have the right under the Constitution to be free at all times because there are “manifold restraints to which every person is necessarily subjected for the common good.” -
[PRESIDENT ELECTION] Theodore Roosevelt vs. Alton Parker
Roosevelt (R, 336 votes) vs. Parker (D, 140 votes) vs. Eugene Debs (Socialist) vs. Silas Swallow (Prohibition) vs. Thomas Watson (Populist) // Vice President: Charles Fairbank // Roosevelt had taken over for McKinley following his assassination. This was the first time a president not originally elected succeeded in keeping the presidency. After an unsuccessful campaign by William Bryan, Alton Parker received the democratic nomination. -
PART 2
While in office, Roosevelt expanded the national parks and strengthened American influence worldwide. Parker gained some support from the South but Roosevelt won the popular and electoral college vote. -
Bloody Sunday Massacre
Russia is currently losing a war against Japan (Russo-Japanese War) and tensions were high. A group of workers led by the radical priest Georgy Apollonovich Gapon marched to the czar’s Winter Palace in St. Petersburg to make their demands. Imperial forces opened fire on the demonstrators, killing and wounding hundreds. -
[PRESIDENT ELECTION] William Howard Taft vs. William Jennings Bryan
Taft (R, 321 votes) vs. Bryan (D, 162 votes) vs. Eugene Debs (Socialist) vs. Eugene Chafin (Prohibition) vs. Thomas Hisgen (Independence) // Vice President: James Sherman // Roosevelt had declined to run for a second term and endorsed Taft as the Republican candidate. Roosevelt hoped that Taft would continue the progressive reforms he had started. The endorsement of Taft would be one of the main reasons why Taft won the election. -
PART 2
Again, the democrats nominated William Bryan despite his past unsuccessful elections. Many people criticized him for being too radical when he mentioned government ownership of railroads. Taft would later become the 10thh Supreme Court Chief Justice and he is currently the only person in US history to hold offices in both the Executive and Judiciary branch.This would also be the last year the Populist party would have a presidential nominee since their support had decreased significantly. -
[PRESIDENT ELECTION] Woodrow Wilson vs. William Howard Taft vs. Theodore Roosevelt
Wilson (D, 435 votes) vs. Roosevelt (Progressive, 88 votes) vs. Taft (R, 8 votes) vs. Eugene Debs (Socialist) vs. Eugene Chafin (Prohibition) // Vice President: Thomas Marshall // The election of Woodrow Wilson ended the Republican’s party sixteen-year tenure as President. Theodore felt betrayed by Taft and decided to run as a third-party candidate. Roosevelt had one of the most successful third-party campaigns but lost. -
PART 2
This was the last presidential election where a party other than Republican or Democratic came in second. -
15th Amendment Ratified
The Fifteenth Amendment prohibits the alienation of the right to vote based on race, color or whether the person was previously as slave. -
16th Amendment Ratified
The Sixteenth Amendment grants Congress the right to levy an income tax without the requirement to distribute it to the states or basing the tax on the United States Census. -
17th Amendment Ratified
The Seventeenth Amendment establishes the election process for United State senators by popular vote. -
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World War I
World War I (WWI) was fought in Europe, Africa, the Middle East, the Pacific Islands, China, Indian Ocean, and off the coast of South and North America. The Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, and Russia declared War the next day. Germany also declared war. Both sides kept asking allies for help. -
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PART 2
A result of theWar was the fall of the German, Russian, Ottoman, and Austro-Hungarian empires, Russian Civil War and foundation of Soviet Union, and the formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East -
[PRESIDENT ELECTION] Woodrow Wilson vs. Charles Evan Hughes
Wilson (D, 277 votes) vs. Hughes (R, 254 votes) vs. A.L. Benson (Socialist) vs. James Hanley (Prohibition) // Vice President: Thomas Marshall // Wilson campaigned by promising to regulate overseas shipping, government loans for farmers, prohibiting child labor, raising taxes, and to mandate eight hour workdays for railroad workers. Hughes was an associate Supreme Court Justice and former governor of New York. -
PART 2
His failure to gain support was largely due to his personality but the election was closer than anticipated. Many voters voted for the candidate they believed would help the United States avoid war, as many were strongly against entering World War One. -
Russian Revolution
The Russian Revolution took place in Russia, Mongolia, and Iran. The Bolsheviks didn’t like what the government was doing. So they decided to take over. This resulted in the start of the Soviet Union. The Bolsheviks won and the Romanov Dynasty fell. -
The February Revolution
The February Revolution actually started in March but because of Russia's use of the Julian calender, it is named such. Strikes and protests broke out in response to a metalworking plant closing and many job losses. The military was sent in to control the situation but many (as many as 150,000) of the soldiers sympathized with the workers and chose to support them and join the massive protest. -
PART 2
The military quickly lost all control and the Czar Nicholas II was forced step down from the throne and the Russian Provisional Government took his place. This ended the Romanov Dynasty. -
Bolsheviks Overthrow The Russian Provisional Government
The Russian Provisional Government supported the war effort. This made them unpopular since many people did not. These people shifted their loyalty to the Bolsheviks - a pro-Communism party, which opposed the war. With all this new support, the Bolsheviks were able to overthrow the Russian Provisional Government. Lenin’s Red Guard took control of the Winter Palace (former home of the czar and the headquarters of the Russian Provisional Government). -
Czar Nicholas II and family assassinated
Czar Nicholas II and his family were assassinated by the Bolsheviks -
[SUPREME COURT CASE] Schenck vs. United States
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18th Amendment Ratified
The Eighteenth Amendments prohibits the production or sale of alcoholic drinks in the United States. However, on December 5, 1933 this amendment gets repealed. -
19th Amendment Ratified
The Nineteenth Amendment prohibits the disenfranchisement of female voters. Although it was ratified in 1920, the amendment was passed in 1919.