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Pan-American Conference (pg. 412)
Representatives from nations of the Western Hemisphere decided to create a permanent organization for international cooperation on trade and other issues. It set the foundation for hemispheric cooperation on economic and political issues. The Pan-American Union was established in 1948 and continues today as part of the Organization of American States.
The U.S. expanded the nations it cooperated with to solve issues. -
“The Influence of Sea Power Upon History” (pg. 411)
This book was written by U.S. Navy Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan and it argued that a strong navy was crucial to a country’s ambitions of securing foreign markets and becoming a world power. It was read by U.S. citizens as well as leaders in Europe and Japan. The United States had the 3rd largest navy by 1900.
U.S. expanded and improved on its navy and was encouraged to expand to overseas islands for coaling and supply stations. -
Treaty of Peace (pg. 415)
This peace treaty ended the Spanish-American War. It provided for recognition of Cuban independence, U.S. acquisition of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean and Guam in the Pacific, and the U.S. acquired the Philippines from Spain for 20 million dollars.
U.S. expanded geographically as they acquired three new territories. -
Open Door Policy (pg.416-417)
John Hay, McKinley’s Secretary of State, dispatched a diplomatic note in 1899 to nations controlling spheres of influence in China. He did this to prevent the U.S. from losing access to trade in China. The note asked that the nations accept the Open Door concept, which would allow all nations equal trading privileges in China. No nation rejected the concept and Hay declared that it had been accepted.
America expanded by including China as a trade destination, expanding its influence. -
Hay’s Second Round of Notes (pg. 417)
Hay feared that expeditionary forces in China might attempt to occupy the country and destroy its independence. In 1900, he wrote a second note. This note stated the U.S. commitment to preserve China’s territorial integrity and safeguard “equal and impartial trade with all parts of the Chinese empire.”
His notes set U.S. policy on China for administrations of McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt as well as future presidents. -
Platt Amendment (pg. 416)
The amendment required Cuba to agree to never sign a treaty with a foreign power that impaired its independence, to permit the United States to intervene in Cuba’s affairs to preserve its independence and maintain law and order, and to allow the U.S. to maintain naval bases in Cuba with the base in Guantanamo Bay being permanent.
This shows the United States expanding its watch over Cuba as well as expanding the amount of naval bases it had outside of America. -
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty
This treaty was signed by the government of Panama after the revolution. It granted the U.S all rights over the Canal Zone. This, combined with the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, allowed for the Panama Canal to be built starting in 1904 to 1914.
