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Napoleon III
Goal=destroy European system created by the Congress of Vienna: limited France’s power. The Crimean War= against Russia w/ Great Britain + Ottoman Empire as French allies + victory = France a solid position in Europe. Napoleon supported Emmanuel to unify Italy + received Savoy + Nice in turn. After military campaigns, he increased France’s land by almost 2x, but he lost a war against Prussia=exiled. End= 2x area of the French Empire, colonized part of Africa, created a protectorate in Cambodia. -
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
A Mexican general, he became president of Mexico later in 1834. He was overthrown in 1845 for his willingness to cooperate with the United States over the annexation of Texas. A conflict occurred between Mexico and the US over where the Texas/Mexico boundary was and the Mexican War was started, which Mexico lost. The treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed, which ceded all territory north of the the Rio Grande and Gila river to the US in exchange for some money ($15,000,000 and $3,250,000) -
Benito Juarez
1855: began as a minister of justice + public instruction. Published ‘Ley Lerdo’- broke up large estates + forced the church to sell its land for a new class (middle). Helped Mexicans get land for a strong Mexico. Urged to weaken the church's power=nationalizing all church property except buildings needed for worship and instruction. Added birth registrations + marriages under civil authority rather than the churches, separated church + state, & ensured religious liberty to all Mexican citizens. -
Teddy Roosevelt
He was the 26th POTUS. He sent aid to support an uprising against Colombia, which resulted in the declaration of independent Panama. It then signed a treaty to grant the US the Panama Canal Zone. Roosevelt supported the construction of the Panama Canal and established the Roosevelt Corollary as a way to protect US interests and maintain stability in the region (from foreign European powers). The Roosevelt Corollary was used to become involved in the political affairs of Latin American countries. -
Austrian Archduke Maximillian
Archduke Maximillian was put into power as the emperor of Mexico in 1861. Conservatives searched for allies in Europe and the French emperor, Napoleon III, wanted to expand his empire into the Americas. Conservatives supported Maximillian at first because they believed he would restore power to the church however, he annihilated both parties and lost his support. Maximillian was forced to surrender and then executed by the republican troops. A puppet emperor controlled by Napoleon -
Porfirio Diaz
Ruled Mexico for 31 years after Juarez died in 1876. Known to run the country with an iron fist + maintain law + order. Diaz advanced Mexico by allowing foreign investments= increased their exports. Mexican civilians still poor because the economy only helped investors + some elites. The country was uneasy. 1910 election, Diaz controlled the outcome + jailed his opponent. The opponent, Madero, ended up calling a revolution against the Diaz government + captured Juarez (city) in 1911 + resigned. -
Jose Marti
He was an exiled nationalist leader, poet, and journalist communicating to Cubans through his writing, urging them to continue fighting for their independence. While he was exiled, he founded the Cuban Revolutionary Party and in 1895 he returned to Cuba to join an uprising against the Spanish. He was killed in the uprising. -
Francisco Madero
Francisco Madero was put in jail (by Diaz) in 1910 after attempting to run for president. He fled to Texas after escaping prison + acquired his title as president of Mexico. He called for a rebellion against the Diaz rule and it spread across the country. Men rallied support from the low classes and attacked government forces. After Diazesigned, Madero was elected president. Then army chief Victoriano Huerta seized power and imprisoned Madero due to turmoil in Mexico that never ended. -
Pancho Villa
He gathered support from the lower class to attack the Mexican government and Porfirio Diaz. Francisco “Pancho” Villa led a group of Madero supporters on horseback to capture Juarez in 1911. They tainted Diaz’s government with their involvement in the Revolution. After Victoriano Huerta seized power and imprisoned Madero, Villa + his army of small ranchers, unemployed workers, cowboys rose up against Huerta in the North and went on to occupy Mexico City alongside Emiliana Zapata. -
Victoriano Huerta
He seized power and imprisoned Madero in 1911. In response to this, former supporters of Madero opposed Huerta and his doing. Huerta was opposed by Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and eventually the United States. With all of the revolts, Huerta struggled to stay in power and eventually resigned on July 15 of 1914, and fled to Spain. -
Venustiano Carranza
Self-declared president of Mexico. Carranza’s forces killed Zapata+his fight to return the land to peasants. Zapata + Villa refused to support him=civil war. Late 1915=Carranza defeated his rivals. The US saw him as a president= Villa upset. Villa fired an attack at the US border=US forces couldn’t catch him. He stopped in 1920. Carranza built up the nation. A new constitution in 1917= the government was able to redistribute land, church= limited power, + citizens = protected rights. -
Emiliano Zapata
Zapata led a group of indigenous peasants and called for land reforms. He was an advocate for the peasants and rural poor = he led a campaign that seized land and returned it to them. After Huerta seized power and imprisoned Madero, Zapata and his army of peasants revolted against Huerta in the South, occupied Mexico City with the help of Pancho Villa, and implemented new land reforms (with the peasants in mind). He was ambushed and killed by Venustiano Carranza’s forces on 4/10/1919. -
Emilio Aguinaldo
He was a Filipino rebel leader who cooperated with US troops instead of Spanish troops, only to feel betrayed when the US made the Philippines into a US colony instead of giving them their own independence. Filipino rebels revolted but didn't win independence. They were ruled through a US-appointed governor until 1935 and not granted full independence until 1946.