Facing Adversity 20th Century (Most entries from Wikipedia or EJI, One reference by me)
By Isaac Andre
-
Helen Keller born
Helen Adams Keller (June 27, 1880 – June 1, 1968) was an American author, disability rights advocate, political activist and lecturer. -
Dust Bowl begins
The Dust Bowl was a period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of the American and Canadian prairies during the 1930s; severe drought and a failure to apply dryland farming methods to prevent the aeolian processes (wind erosion) caused the phenomenon. The drought came in three waves: 1934, 1936, and 1939–1940, but some regions of the High Plains experienced drought conditions for as many as eight years. -
Period: to
Dust Bowl
-
Dust Bowl ends
-
Civil Rights Movement begins
The civil rights movement[b] was a political movement and campaign from 1954 to 1968 in the United States to abolish racial segregation, discrimination, and disenfranchisement throughout the United States. The movement had its origins during the late 19th century, although it made its largest legislative gains in the 1960s after years of direct actions and protests. The social movement's campaigns eventually secured new protections in federal law for the civil rights of all Americans. -
Brown v. Board of Education
In the spring of 1951, black students in Virginia protested their unequal status in the state's segregated educational system. Students at Moton High School protested overcrowded conditions and a failing facility. The NAACP proceeded with five cases challenging the school system; these were later combined under what is known today as Brown v. Board of Education. Under leadership of Walter Reuther, the United Auto Workers donated $75,000 to help pay for the NAACP's efforts at the Supreme Court. -
Emmett Till killed
Emmett Louis Till (July 25, 1941 – August 28, 1955) was a 14-year-old African American boy who was abducted, tortured, and lynched in Mississippi in 1955, after being accused of offending a white woman, Carolyn Bryant, in her family's grocery store. The brutality of his murder and the fact that his killers were acquitted drew attention to the long history of violent persecution of African Americans in the United States. Till posthumously became an icon of the civil rights movement. -
Rosa Parks protests on bus
On December 1, 1955, nine months after a 15-year-old high school student, Claudette Colvin, refused to give up her seat to a white passenger on a public bus in Montgomery, Alabama, and was arrested, Rosa Parks did the same thing. Parks soon became the symbol of the resulting Montgomery bus boycott and received national publicity. She was later hailed as the "mother of the civil rights movement". -
Period: to
Montgomery Bus Boycott
The Montgomery bus boycott was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama. The campaign lasted from December 5, 1955—the Monday after Rosa Parks was arrested for her refusal to give up her seat to a white person—to December 20, 1956, when the federal ruling Browder v. Gayle took effect, and led to a Supreme Court decision that declared the Alabama and Montgomery laws segregating buses were unconstitutional. -
Period: to
Integration of Mississippi universities
Beginning in 1956, Clyde Kennard, a black Korean War-veteran, wanted to enroll at Mississippi Southern College (now the University of Southern Mississippi) at Hattiesburg under the G.I. Bill. William David McCain, the college president, used the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission, in order to prevent his enrollment by appealing to local black leaders and the segregationist state political establishment.[116] -
Little Rock Nine
The Little Rock Nine were a group of nine African American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957. Their enrollment was followed by the Little Rock Crisis, in which the students were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school by Orval Faubus, the Governor of Arkansas. They then attended after the intervention of President Dwight D. Eisenhower. -
Period: to
Sit-ins
In July 1958, the NAACP Youth Council sponsored sit-ins at the lunch counter of a Dockum Drug Store in downtown Wichita, Kansas. After three weeks, the movement successfully got the store to change its policy of segregated seating, and soon afterward all Dockum stores in Kansas were desegregated. This movement was quickly followed in the same year by a student sit-in at a Katz Drug Store in Oklahoma City led by Clara Luper, which also was successful.[85] -
Period: to
Albany Movement
The SCLC, which had been criticized by some student activists for its failure to engage more in the freedom rides, committed much of its prestige and resources to a desegregation campaign in Albany, Georgia, in November 1961. King, who had been criticized personally by some SNCC activists for his distance from the dangers that local organizers faced—and given the derisive nickname "De Lawd" as a result—intervened personally to assist the campaign led by both SNCC organizers and local leaders. -
Freedom Rides
Freedom Rides were journeys by civil rights activists on interstate buses into the segregated southern United States to test the United States Supreme Court decision Boynton v. Virginia (1960), which ruled that segregation was unconstitutional for passengers engaged in interstate travel. Organized by CORE, the first Freedom Ride of the 1960s left Washington D.C. on May 4, 1961, and was scheduled to arrive in New Orleans on May 17. -
"Rising Tide of Discontent"
Series of violent riots and protests described by MLK as "the whirlwinds of revolt." -
Period: to
Malcom X joins movement
-
Period: to
St. Augustine Movement
The St. Augustine movement was a part of the wider Civil Rights Movement, taking place in St. Augustine, Florida from 1963 to 1964. It was a major event in the city's long history and had a role in the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. -
Period: to
Charter School Protests
From November 1963 through April 1964, the Chester school protests were a series of civil rights protests led by George Raymond of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored Persons (NAACP) and Stanley Branche of the Committee for Freedom Now (CFFN) that made Chester, Pennsylvania one of the key battlegrounds of the civil rights movement. James Farmer, the national director of the Congress of Racial Equality called Chester "the Birmingham of the North". -
Period: to
Birmingham Campaign
The Albany movement was shown to be an important education for the SCLC, however, when it undertook the Birmingham campaign in 1963. Executive Director Wyatt Tee Walker carefully planned the early strategy and tactics for the campaign. It focused on one goal—the desegregation of Birmingham's downtown merchants, rather than total desegregation, as in Albany. -
March on Washington
The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, also known as simply the March on Washington or The Great March on Washington, was held in Washington, D.C., on August 28, 1963. The purpose of the march was to advocate for the civil and economic rights of African Americans. At the march, final speaker Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., standing in front of the Lincoln Memorial, delivered his historic "I Have a Dream" speech in which he called for an end to racism. -
Malcom X Leaves NOI
In March 1964, Malcolm X, national representative of the Nation of Islam, formally left that organization, and made a public offer to collaborate with any civil rights organization that accepted the right to self-defense and the philosophy of Black nationalism (which he said no longer needed Black separatism). Gloria Richardson, head of the Cambridge, Maryland, chapter of SNCC, and head of the Cambridge rebellion, an honored guest at The March on Washington, rapidly accepted Malcolm's offer. -
Period: to
Freedom Summer
In the summer of 1964, COFO brought nearly 1,000 activists to Mississippi—most of them white college students from the North and West—to join with local black activists to register voters, teach in "Freedom Schools," and organize the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP). -
St. Augustine Attacks
On June 24, 1964, hundreds of white people marched through downtown St. Augustine, Florida, to protest the attempted integration of the town’s previously all-white beaches, and confronted and attacked peaceful civil rights activists attempting to use public beaches. Police officers refused to break the lines of white community members who fought and blocked Black people from getting onto the beaches. This was one of many days of violent opposition to integration in St. Augustine in June 1964. -
Civil Rights Act Passed
Although President Kennedy had proposed civil rights legislation and it had support from Northern Congressmen and Senators of both parties, Southern Senators blocked the bill by threatening filibusters. After considerable parliamentary maneuvering and 54 days of filibuster on the floor of the United States Senate, President Johnson got a bill through the Congress.[185] -
Civil Rights Movement "Ends"
This timeline does not go past the "end" of the Civil Rights Movement. The Civil Rights Movement is still happening today. Someday I will update this timeline to include every event on the Wikipedia page. -
Helen Keller dies