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History
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End of Reciprocity Treaty
After 10 years, the Americans decided that they did not want to renew the Reciprocity Treaty with Canada. This caused the demand for timber to drop as it was being replaced by iron. -
Charlottetown Conference
The leaders of both Canadas meet with those of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince-Edward-Island (PEI) to discuss the idea of a merger. In the end, they agreed on the idea. -
Quebec Conference
All the leaders from the Charlottetown Conference as well as the leader of Newfoundland met up and came up with the 72 resolutions which would make the merger possible. The decided on a federal system which gave 24 seats to each colonoy (72 in total, going to Canada East, Canada West, and the Maritimes). Also the assembly was elected through the "rep by pop" system and they decided to build a railway between the colonies. In the end, Newfoundland and PEI withdrew. -
London Conference
The leaders of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia meet up so that they can ask Britain to become a "self-governing" colony. The Dominion of Canada was therefore created by Britain under the British North American Act, passed on March 29th and came into existence on July 1st 1867. The Federal and Provincial governments each had different responsibilities. -
National Policy
John A. Macdonald formulated a plan to promote national unity, which he called the National Policy. The three mains goals of this policy were to: -Increase Custom Duties
-Build railways
-Encourage Immigration -
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First Industrial Revolution
The first industrial revolution began in the late 19th century. this brought about many changes: -Skilled craftsman were replaced by factories and assembly lines which were more efficient.
-Rural exodus
-Population increased
-Very poor living conditions for factory workers. They had long hours, bad pay, and it was usually dangerous in the factories.
-Women had a hard life, married young, a lot of children.
-Religion still played a big role. -
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World War 1
Britain goes to war to help its ally so Canada has to follow them. The following things happened during the war: -Factories were converted to build weaponry.
-Women worked in factories since men couldn't
-Most English people who had close ties to Britain volunteered for the war, but the French didn't
-Conscription Crisis occured in 1917 which basically forced everyone that was able and met certain criteria to join the war
-Women were able to vote in federal election in 1918 -
Post War Economic Boost (1st war)
-Second phase of industrialisation begun: mostly natural resources were exploited in this phase.
-New factories financed by Britain/USA opened
-New railways were built and new regions opened up because they have valuable resources.
-Working conditions were still hard
-Trade unions grew in the 1900s, they were opposed by employers
-Women obtained the right to vote in federal election in 1918 -
Women's Right to Vote
Since their husbands were off at war, women began to vote in their places. Eventually, they ended up getting the right to vote on their own in 1918. -
Great Depression
The Great Depression was the result of the stock market crash in 1929 which happened because so many people bought stocks with money borrowed from the bank, that after a while these stocks became worthless so the people as well as the banks lost a lot of money. The government did the following to try to resolve all the problems with the Great Depression: -Public works projects
-Work Camps
-Direct Aid
-Encouraged Farming -
Political Ideologies
The Great Depression realized that Capitalism might not be the best way of basing a country's Politics and Economy. The following idealogies were brought about: -Capitalism
-Communism
-Socialism
-Fascism -
Statute of Westminster
After seeing their great efforts in World War 1, Britain created the Statute of Westminster which allowed Canada to be in charge of all internal and external affairs except the ability to change the Constitution. -
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Maurice Duplessis
Maurice Duplessis was a very old-school kind of person who enjoyed traditional values. He believed that the Roman Catholic Church should continue to be an important part of society, that rural communities were the best places to promote traditional values and that agriculture should be at the heart of Quebec's economy, and that the state should not intervene in social and economic sectors. -
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World War 2
World War 2 started in 1939 when Germany invaded Poland. From a canadian point of view, this war was different, because we went on our own accord, due to the fact that we were a lot more independant than when World War 1 took place. A lot of things happened that were similar to World War 1: -Factories moved towards war-oriented production
-Women participated more in society
-Another conscription crisis occured, but almost none of the people forced overseas saw action
-Baby boom occured!!!!!! -
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Baby Boom
After World War 2, Quebec's population grealtly increased and this is known as the baby boom. The two main factors that caused this were: increasing immigration from Europe and a high birth rate. During this period, an average of 135 000 infants were born each year. -
Rural Electrification
Since Maurice Duplessis valued traditional lifestyles and rural life, he wanted to bring more people to rural areas. This is why he brought electricity to these areas and by 1956, 90% of farms had electricity. -
Quiet Revolution
The Quiet Revolution began in Quebec in 1960 and it is basically the process of social, economic and political reform (meaning that Quebec was basically trying to catch up with the rest of the world). The main features of this revolution included:
-Increasing the role of the state in the social and economic sectors to develop them.
-Modernization of Quebec's eduction system.
-Weaken the influence of the Church -
Parti Quebecois
Rene Levesque quit the Liberal Party in 1966 to form the "Mouvement Souverainte Association" (MSA) and then forms the Parti Quebecois in 1968. -
FLQ and October Crisis
The FLQ (Front de Libération du Québec) was a terrorist organisation in Quebec at the time that had a main goal of attaining independence for quebec throught the use of violence. An example of this violence is the "October Crisis". What happened is that the FLQ kidnapped James Cross and Pierre Laporte. As a reaction, Trudeau used the war measures act to bring in the army. In the end, hundreds of FLQ members are arrested, Laporte is found dead in the trunk of his car, and Cross is saved. -
Bill 22
Bill 22 was basically the official "law" that made French the sole official language in Quebec. -
Bill 101
Bill 101 has 2 major points. First of all, all public signs must be in French only, all other languages are prohibited. Secondly, only children with English speaking and educated parents who were educated in Quebec can go to English school. -
First Referendum
Rene Levesque, leader of the PQ, held a referendum in 1980 to see if Quebec should separate from Canada or not. 60% of voters were against the idea, while 40% were for it. -
Constitution Act
This Constitution Act gave Pierre Elliot Trudeau and Canada the right to change their constitution as well as the Charter of Rights and Freedoms to protect individual liberties. This passed with the approval of most provinces (all except Quebec). -
Meech Lake Accord
The first of two attempts to try to please all the provinces by Brian Mulroney. It was written with various reforms but it was Newfoundland and Manitoba denied it. -
Oka Crisis
In the summer of 1990 Mohawk warriors established road blocks on the borders to their reserves in Oka just outside Montreal, when a golf course wanted to expand its 9 holes onto native land. The Canadian Forces were called in to deal with the situation and after 78 days, the issue was resolved. -
Charlottetown Agreement
This was the second attempt at pleasing all the provinces by Brian Mulroney. It basically did the same thing as the Meech Lake Accord but was rejected by the people. -
Second Referendum
In 1995, another referendum was held by Jacques Parizeau. The results were a staggering 50.6% against and 49.4% for.
