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1492
Early Exploration
"In 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue" Columbus found no gold or silver he was named the discoverer of the d 'Ailles route to the east. He made 3 more voyages between 1494 and 1502. During those voyages he visted Puerto Rica, the Virgin Islands, Trinidad and Jamaica. He thought Cuba was main land China. He discovered Haiti too, he brought back stuff that the Europeans didnt know about like coconuts, tobacco,and sweet corn. https://www.history.com/topics/exploration/exploration-of-north-america -
Period: 1534 to
New France
Jacques Cartier went into the Gulf of St Lawrence and declared it for King Francis the first. He attempted to found a colony in Quebec. It failed. This starts the Fur trade between the French and the first Nation people. https://www.britannica.com/place/New-France -
Aug 13, 1567
Samuel De Champlain
He made 21-29 trips across the Atlantic. He founded Quebec and New France, he also created the first accurate coastal map. He started discovering North America in 1603. He was the first European to describe the great lakes and shared his journey of what he learned from the natives living there. He made friends with the Innu and Montagnais and after with the Algonquin and Wendat. He was ceased from exploring and had to return to Quebec in 1620. and he died in 1635. Hes known as "Father of Acadia" -
Acadia
Was a seasonal trading post created by French fur traders. They were soon called Acadians, they coexisted with Indigenous people. Acadia started a lot of wars between the French and British because the colony fell beneath the British rule and some Acadians were deported. In 1621 Acadia was renamed by the government to Nova Scotia. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/history-of-acadia -
The 13 Colonies
The British made settlements in the south. They were made at the same time as New France, but the 13 colonies grew much quicker. They grew faster because in the south the climate is much milder, they were set in complex economies based off fishing and farming. They were more lenient toward diverse population. Slaves were taken from Africa and sent on boats to work at cotton and tobacco plants. they got auctioned off. -
Fur Trade in Canada
Fishermen from Europe were were reeling in lots of cod off Newfoundland, and would dry the fish on land, which takes many weeks. The Indigenous people would trade their furs for metal and clothes from the Europeans. The first French traders decided to stay permanently on the shores of Acadia, a trading post. Dutch began trading up the Hudson river and they set up permanent trading posts in Manhattan. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fur-trade -
Period: to
The 7 Years' War
After fighting with France in North America, England declared war upon France in 1756. Before this, France had claimed Canada and the great lakes. Great Britain had the 13 colonies. George Washington told the French not to go on a certain area of land and the French said no, so Washington said, ok time for war. The 7 Years' War ended with two treaties, The treaty of Hubertusburg and the treaty of Paris. https://www.history.com/topics/france/seven-years-war -
Battle of Abraham/Battle of Quebec
It was fought by the British army and Royal navy against French army just outside of Quebec. It happened during the 7 year war. General James Wolfe lead the British to invade Quebec to make them surrender the province to the British. The British won and Marquis De Montcolms troops were defeated. Both of the commanding officers died.https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/battle-of-the-plains-of-abraham -
Loyalists
Loyalists were colonists from America who stayed loyal to the British crown during the American Revolutionary War. They were also called Royalists or Kings men. They fought against the Patriots who were in support of the revolution. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)#:~:text=Loyalists%20were%20American%20colonists%20who,to%20the%20liberties%20of%20America%22. -
Period: to
The American Revolution
Rebels invaded Canada, taking over Montreal and attacking the town of Quebec. The 13 colonies were upset at the Quebec Act because it guarantees religious freedom for Roman Catholics (fun fact: I'm roman catholic) and a War broke out in Lexington, Massachusetts. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/american-revolution -
Period: to
The Great Migration
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Migration_of_Canada When Britain began industrial revolution, English and Scottish immigrants came to Canada making up 60% of the population. Irish Immigrants then came to Canada and worked as workers and navigational engineers. They joined together forming small groups and started working on canals, timber and railroads. The jobs were low in Britain so it forced immigrants to come to Canada. -
The Underground Railroad
It was a secret railroad that African American slaves used to get away from the US and get into Canada where they were offered freedom. Harriot Tubman was considered the "leader" of the underground railroad because she helped more than 300 black slaves cross into Canada. In total, around 100,000 slaves escaped from slavery. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Harriet-Tubman -
The Indian Act
It was created to assimilate Indigenous people into society, it contained policies to terminate their culture, social, economical and political individuality of First Nations. The Europeans wanted to make the First Nations have a Eurocentric view. It made them able to be stripped of their status rights for example, if you were a woman married to a white man or if you were in the military. -
Period: to
Building the CPR
At the end of 1882 there was 9,000 workers working on the railroad and 6,500 were Chinese. There were over 15,000 Chinese workers and 600 of them dies while building under the extremely dangerous conditions of the railroad. They got paid a dollar a day while the white men workers got paid a buck fifty to two. The Chinese had to pay for their own food and equipment while the whites didn't need to and got everything at no cost. The Chinese were given the most dangerous tasks. -
Chinese Immigration
In B.C. Chinese population was growing by 4,000 people annually. They were given more dangerous jobs like in sawmills and fish canneries. The government of Canada was trying to discourage immigration and put a head tax on Chinese immigrants. It increased from $50 to $100. In 1903 it was raised to $500, it dropped immigration from 5,000 to just 8 immigrants. https://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP11CH3PA3LE.html
