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1453
Ottoman Empire takes Constantinople
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1500
American colonies begin using slaves
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1517
Martin Luther's 95 Thesis begins Reformation
religious overhaul after Enlightenment caused people to break with church authority -
1521
Cortes conquers Aztecs
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1533
Ivan "the Terrible" IV comes to power (Absolutism)
thought boyar nobles killed his wife and used police to murder any traitors he perceived. killed his own son. -
1533
Pizarro conquers Incans
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1543
Copernicus' Heliocentric Theory- beginning of Scientific Revolution
earth revolves around the sun. -
1556
Akbar lead GOdlen Age for Mughal Empire
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Abbas the Great leads Golden Age for Safavid Empire
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Philip II's Spanish Armada
Attacks England's Protestants but loses -
Tokugawa Shogunate rises to power
will last for centuries -
Champlain claims Quebec for France
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Galileo
Astronomer who built a telescope to study the stars and planets and was imprisoned for threatening Church beliefs. -
Charles I Fights Parliament
Parliament made him sign the Petition of Rights, limiting him from
- imprisoning subjects w/o cause
- no taxes w/o Parliament
- no soldier quartering
- no martial law in peacetime He ignored it and started the English Civil War, in which Oliver Cromwell was a general who beat him and he and the Puritans found him guilty of treason and executed him- first public execution of a king. -
Shah Jahan starts Taj Mahal
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Louis XIV (absolutism)
boy became King, built Versailles, replaced nobles with commoners who lived on palace grounds, and repealed Edict of Nantes that supported Protestant tolerance, making Catholic Church happy. -
Qing Dynasty forms and will last for centuries
Manchus invade China and establish dynasty -
Hobbes and Locke Debate marks beginning of Enlightenment
social contract versus natural rights (tabula rasa)
- Montesquieu
- Rousseau
- Wollstonecraft
- Voltaire -
Newton's Law of Gravity
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Glorious Revolution
William and Mary were Protestants who were asked to and did overthrow James II, who was Catholic. They and Parliament created a constitutional monarch, with a Bill of Rights -
Peter the Great (absolutism)
wanted to westernize Russia, removed nobles and replaced with commoners, raised women's status, opened schools, modernized Russia -
Industrial Revolution Born in Britain
They had land, labor, and capital. Steam engine, railroads, textile factories, and water transportation is improved with new inventions and interchangeable parts. -
Montesquieu's Separation of Powers
advocate for British government and creator of concept that was incorporated into U.S. Constitution. -
Enlightenment
Philosophers focus on Reason, Nature, Happiness, Progress, and Liberty -
Voltaire: Words are Weapons
Used writing to fight for tolerance, reason, freedom of religion and speech -
French and Indian War begins
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East India Company takes over India
Mughal Dynasty lost power and Indian forces were defeated. -
Rousseau's Restraint by Govt
He believed general loll of society and government should be led by people- inspired French Revolution beliefs. -
American Revolution
Louis XVI helped defeat British army led by General Cornwallis at Yorktown, Virginia. -
Adam Smith
laissez-faire economics (industry and business w/no govt interference), foundation of capitalism -
Washington becomes President
-
French Revolution begins
Storming the Bastille -
Great Fear
peasants revolted against noble houses and women marched on Versailles. king and queen left Versailles, never to return -
Mary Wollstonecraft v. Rousseau
disagreed with Rousseau belief that women shouldn't have the same rights as men and encouraged women to fill male-jobs -
Robespierre's Reign of Terror
Jacobin who changed the calendar, closed Paris churches, and led Committee of Public Safety to kill thousands -
John Adams becomes President
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Napoleon Takes Power
French Army commander encouraged to lead a coup d'etat and took power, creating relationships b/w church and state, published uniform set of laws called Napoleonic Code, and crowned himself emperor -
Thomas Jefferson Becomes President
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Louisiana Purchase
Caribbean Saint Domingue (Haiti) demanded freedom when they heard of French Revolution. Toussaint L'Ouverture took control of the colony- proved bad for Napoleon. Sold to U.S. President Jefferson for $15m- sale would hurt British. -
James Madison Becomes President
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Hidalgo frees Mexico from Spain
supported Enlightenment ideas -
Industrialization in U.S.
War of 1812, Britain tried to ban international trading to U.S. ports and prevented people from leaving the country to train U.S., so they figured it out on their own. -
100 Days
Napoleon's last bid for power, but he lost at Waterloo against British and Prussian army. -
James Monroe Becomes President
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Monroe Doctrine Protect American colonies
declared any areas in U.S. control not allowed to be colonized by European powers. -
Simon Bolivar for Bolivia
Napoleon removed the Spanish king, opening door for revolution, and people didn't feel loyal to his French king and were driven by Locke's Enlightenment ideas. Bolivar united with San Martin and freed Latin American colonies from Spanish rule. -
Bolivar frees Peru
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Andrew Jackson Becomes President
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Manifest Destiny
America should own all of N. America -
Ottoman Empire begins to fall
European countries took note and began geopolitics to take control of valuable land. -
Muhammad Ali
Egyptian ruler who turned cotton into a cash crops -
Texas Joins the U.S.
Texans revolted against Mexican rule and were annexed into the U.S. -
Britain gains Hong Kong in Opium War
China succumbs to British navy -
Karl Marx
redistributing wealth would create equality- socialism of production outlined in Communist Manifesto -
Mexican-American War
Mexico cedes Cali and southwest lands -
Crimean War
Britain & France help Ottoman Empire defend itself from Russia to prevent it getting more Ottoman land, but they lose. -
Treaty of Kanagawa
Japan opens ports to U.S. ships -
Darwin's Theory of Evolution
change through natural selection -
U.S. Civil War
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Meiji Reformation
Unhappiness with Treaty of Kanagawa led to rebellion and increased nationalism -
Suez Canal opens a new "road"
connected Red Sea to Mediterranean -
Corporations Begin as Business Booms
Large companies like railroads needed money so they started selling stock and companies made great profits. -
Industrial Imperialism
Countries like Britain, Russia, Japan, and U.S. became industrialized, wealthy countries that needed more resources to meet demands, so they began to take on Asia and Africa. -
Berlin Conference- Dividing Africa
14 European nations divided by establishing how to claim land, no regard for dividing natives of Africa, and no African representative was present. -
Inventions Improve Life
Edison- lightbulb and phonograph
Bell- telephone
Wright Brothers- airplane
Ford- car, assembly line, interchangeable parts -
Kaiser Wilhelm II Wants Germany to Be Great
begins trying to assert power and build navy equal to Britain's -
Spanish-American War
U.S. joined Cuban war against Spain for independence- Spain lost and gave up remaining American colonies -
Boxer Rebellion
Chinese peasants and workers resenting privileges granted to foreigners and those who adopted Christianity attacked and laid siege on European cities but failed. -
Einstein Develops Theory of Relativity
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African National Congress & Mandela
fight South African apartheid -
Panama Canal Gifted to U.S.
U.S. encouraged Panama to rebel against Colombian-controlled govt and once they won, they gifted U.S. with land to build Panama Canal. Canal was built despite problems with disease and opened trade route between Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. -
Archduke Franz Ferdinand Assassinated
-
Lenin and the Bolshevik Revolution
industrial revolution and Marxist ideas led proletariat- working class- to want power instead of the bourgeoise. This would lead to Bolshevik revolutionary leaders creating the USSR and the Communist Party in honor of Marx. -
WWI Results
Woodrow Wilson's 14 Points- how can be war to end all wars (lasting peace)
Treaty of Versailles- Germany punished
League of Nations- peace among nations -
Tiananmen Square
Students are killed protesting the Treaty of Versailles, which gave Japan Germany's Chinese territories -
Freudian Psychology
-
Gandhi leads nonviolent protest for India's independence
led to Britain giving India limited self-governance -
Mao Zedong- Revolutionary Leader
helpd form Chinese Communist Party and encouraged peasants to rise up. -
Mussolini Founds the Fascist Party
takes over Italy's governments with support from middle classes, aristocracy, and industrial leaders -
Mustafa Kemal Leads Turkey to a Republic
implemented reforms to modernize Turkey: church/state separation, new legal system, women's rights, industrialization -
Persia Becomes Iran
nationalist revolt led to a modernized country and the new name of Iran. -
Oil Discovered in Middle East
European and American companies needed it for industrialized nations. -
Hitler Hates Jews
passes laws depriving Jews of rights -
Stalin Take Over for Lenin
Lenin died and Stalin rose to power as a totalitarian and believed Soviet Union should be as powerful as other nations. Used police estate, censored propaganda, religion, and indoctrination to maintain power. 5 Year Plan for economic development limited production of good san caused shortages of housing, food, and goods for people- but production did increase. -
Period: to
WWII
-
Harry Truman Becomes President
-
UN created to protect each other from aggressors
-
SE Asian nations begin gaining independence
- Phillippines
- Malaysia
- Singapore
- Indonesia
-
Stalin creates Iron Curtain with refusal to support free election in eastern Europe
Western side became Federal Republic of Germany -
Truman Doctrine Against Communism
global fight against communism -
Marshall Plan
successful plan to provide supplies to Western Europe to rebuild after WWII -
Hindus vs. Muslims
India's national party Congress party vs Muslim League broke into civil war, resulting in Partition: NE India would become Pakistan for Muslims. -
Israel named independent nation...and then attacked
Arab-Israeli wars ensue until Camp David Accords are signed in 1979 -
NATO forms
-
Cold War
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Korean War
Truman Doctrine implemented to save South Korea from Communist attack. -
Khrushchev Takes Over
Stalin dies and Khrushchev tries to rid the country of his memory and implement peaceful competition with capitalist states but was unsuccessful and unseated. -
Eisenhower Becomes President
-
Ghana Breaks from Britain (African decolonization)
led people in civil disobedience, taking economic toll on British through nonviolent protest. -
Castro Leads the Cuban Revolution
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Congo's freedom creates upheaval
civil wars, assassinations plague the country. -
Algeria Struggles with Freedom
French's main colony, problems with modernizing and industrializing, problems with fair elections and wars continue through today -
Cuban Missile Crisis
Khrushchev built missile sites in Cuba. -
Lyndon Johnson After Kennedy
U.S. involvement in Vietnam -
Kenya Gains Independence
granted from Britain -
Lyndon Johnson Becomes President
-
Ho Chi Minh Revolts Against the French
Vietnamese nationalists and Communists fought together against France and won, but U.S. had to fight Vietcong of southern Vietnam. Northern Vietnam attacked U.S. boats, and Johnson sent troops to fight. Nixon would withdraw them once war became unpopular. -
Nixon Becomes President
-
Nixon Supports Detente
working with Soviet Union to lessen Cold War tensions an visits Communist China- signed SALT Treaty -
Gerald Ford Becomes President
-
Jimmy Carter Becomes President
-
AIDS epidemic
-
Reagan
moved away from detente and tried to put more economic and military pressure on Soviet Union -
Reagan Becomes President
-
Afghanistan beats back Russians
After winning against Soviet Union, Taliban takes control -
Mikhail Gorbachev
becomes leader of Soviet Union, opens churches and creates more democratic reforms that lead to nationalist movements for revolutions, resulting in Gorbachev resigning and the collapse of the Soviet Union. -
EU created
set up tariff-free trad among member countries, experiment in economic cooperation -
NAFTA created
trade agreement with Canada and Mexico that calls for gradual elimination of tariffs and trade restrictions. -
Putin Becomes President
-
911
-
Department of Homeland Security created
anti-terrorism dept.