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19th Century Advancements (continued)
Working conditions:
- Long shifts, bad pay, dangerous but no one complained as to not get replaced.
- Unions and strikes could create better working conditions.
- Pollution was everywhere with spreading disease.
- Most people were poor. Women:
- Hard life, married young with a lot of kids.
- Did what their husband said.
- Long work shifts in factories with the worst jobs.
- No rights and no education. Church:
- Still controlled births, marriages, deaths, schools, orphanages and charities. -
19th Century Advancements
Agriculture:
- Quebec decides to dairy is more important than wheat. Railways:
- 3 new railways are built (Grand Trunk, Intercolonial, Canadian Pacific). 1st industrialization phase:
- 1870 to 1900.
- Skilled craftsmen and cheap labour people worked in factories for a very long time doing repetitive and boring work.
- Main industries were food processing, textiles and wood. Population changes:
- National policy favored immigration.
- From rural to urban sectors.
- USA had better jobs. -
Politics In The 1860's
- Maritime Provinces wanted to form a federation.
- People began to think the provinces would be stronger if they were divived and controlled separately.
- Nobody is sure how Canada should be run.
- Reciprocity Treaty only lasted 10 years and the americans would not renew it.
- Iron was Canada's new leading export.
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Politics In The 1860's (continued)
- They agreed a merger was necessary.
- So they held meetings to discuss.
- They agreed on considering a merger. Quebec conference:
- Agreed on how to make a merger possible.
- Built railways between colonies.
- Newfoundland and PEI withdrew.
- Started to pass confederation slowly. London conference:
- Leader of the 4 colonies with the granted access from Britain, the Dominion of Canada is created under the British North America Act.
- More provinces would join later -
National Policy
- Federal government needed to unify the different provinces.
- Times were tough.
- John A. Macdonald had a plan to promote national unity.
- He increased custom duties.
- Built railways.
- And encouraged immigration.
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Northwest Rebellions
- Some provinces wanted out of the Dominion.- The Metis (mixed race) people of Manitoba considered themselves to be independent of Canadian laws. They were lead by Louis Riel who demanded the Metis be respected.
- Upset the half natives started an uprising in Saskatchewan in 1885.
- The rebellion was quickly put down.
- Riel was hung for his crimes.
- His legacy is still disputed today.
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Post War Economic Boost
- Second phase of industrialization begun so natural resources were exploited (minerals, pulp and paper).
- Many factories were opened, usually financed by USA/Britain.
- New railways and new regions opened up because they found to be valuable resources.
- Working conditions were still terrible.
- Trade unions started growing.
- Women still dealt with a lot of problems (sexism, poor jobs, inferior schooling).
- Second phase of industrialization begun so natural resources were exploited (minerals, pulp and paper).
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World War 1
- International armed conflict broke out.
- Germany invaded neutral Belgium so France and England got involved.
- Once England goes to war, so does Canada.
- Factories made a lot of stuff for the military (weapons, ammunition).
- Men went to war, so women stepped up to work.
- Less volunteers by 1917, forced participation was implemented.
- Women get the right to vote.
- Boost of population when soldiers came home.
- Statue of Westminster grants Canada independence.
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The Great Depression
- Stock market crash.
- People were ruined, many commited suicide.
- Families bought as little as possible.
- USA was hit even worse.
- Public work projects
- Work camps
- Direct aid
- Encouraged farming Governement solutions:
- Public work projects
- Work camps
- Direct aid
- Encouraged farming
- President Roosevelt proposed his "New Deal" policy
- Prime Minister Bennett also proposed a "New Deal" -
World War 2
- Canada went to war on their own accord.
- Wartime restrictions, war oriented population.
- Federal government centralized their power.
- Another conscriptio crisis.
- Post war prosperity.
- Natural increase and immigration.
- Baby boom.
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Maurice Duplessis
- Prime minister of Quebec at the time.
- Continued to believe that the state should not intervene in either social or economic sectors.
- Consisted of offering subsidies to the Church and favorable conditions for investement purposes.
- Valued Church powers.
- Promoted agriculture to avoid urbanization and unemployment.
- Brought paved roads and electricity.
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Maurice Duplessis (Continued)
Union leaders:
- Accused Duplessis of opposing social progress and of serving American interests rather than the interests of Quebec workers. Numerous strikes also happened. Intellectuals and journalists:
- Opposed Duplessis' government and attacked the conservative nature of Quebec society through newspapers and media. National policies:
- Adopting the fleur-de-lis flag
- Introducing the provincial income tax plan
- Opposed federal allowance payments to Quebec families -
Major Developements
- Asbestos strike pitted workers against the state and company scabs.
- Government undertook a program of rural electrification.
- American mining companies invested heavily in the exploitation and mining of iron ore.
- Duplessis used the Padlock Law to go against his ennemies, which were the communists.
- Baby boom: increased immigration from Europe after the war and high birth rate.
- United States led the way and had a tremendous impact on our way of life.
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Bill 101
- Only French signs were allowed in public spaces
- Only children with English speaking parents educated in Quebec could go to English schools.- English fought back with Bill 178 and Bill 86.
- This battle continues and today the struggle of Quebec.
- Federalists want Quebec to stay.
- Seperatists want Quebec to be independant.
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Quiet Revolution
A rapid and far-reaching process of social, economic, and political reform in Quebec from the early to the late 1960s.- Increased the role of the state socially and economically.
- Modernized the educational system to catch up with other provinces.
- Weakened the influence of the Church and stop Quebec's isolation.
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Quebec Nationalism
- State of modernization, more educated people and moved away form rural and hard labour.
- Quebecers are upset that they aren't getting paid as much and don't have the same job ooportunities as the English.
- Creation of the FLQ (terrorist group) to obtain independance for Quebec.
- October Crisis: FLQ captured 2 politicians and the Premier Minister called the army in. One politician was released and the other found dead.
- Pill is invented.
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Separation
- Wanted to separate because of cultural differences between English and French.
- Rene Levesque held a referendum but 60% of the population voted against it.
- Meech Lake Accord was written with various reforms but it was denied by two provinces.
- Charlottetown Agreement sought to do the same but it was voted against by the people.- Another referendum was held by Jacques Parizeau, with even closer results.
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Native Issues
- Mohawk warriors established road blocks on the borders to their reserves in Oka, when a golf course wanted to expand its 9 holes onto native land. The natives militarily organized themselves and the Canadian Forces were called in to handle the situation.
- The Oka crisis lasted 78 days, when the standoff finally came to an end with out armed conflict, however the issues remained.
- The Charlottetown Accord was created to deal with these issues.
