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Andrew Jackson Downing wrote Theory & Practice of Landscape Arc in 1841
formed estates and rural retreats. constructed the picturesque and the beautiful directly upon the garden landscape -
Fredrick Law Olmstead creates Central Park in 1857
Brings rural picturesque to the city. Used Mt. Auburn and Downing as models -
Riverside, IL suburb 1869
curving streets on middle classes houses on large lots. Women = gardens. Suburb is shaped by feminine notion of beauty -
George Perkins March's publishes Man and Nature in 1864
important text of U.S. Conservation. Focused on Deforestation and erosion, watershed deterioration -
Charles Bessy
1880-90s Bessey formed botany classes at U. Nebraska that had an anti-nature study. Sought rigorous scientific training. Promoted serious high school science. Opposed to non-laboratory botany because thought of as non-rigorous. Too much like natural history -
Forest Reserve Act formed in 1891
Set aside national forest reserves in Interior Department -
Gifford Pinchot appointed chief of USDA Forestry Division 1898
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Adirondack Stat Park is formed in 1892
"forever reserved". Protecting water supply of NY rivers and ciites
Picturesque/hunting/science converge -
Celia Thaxter writes Island Garden in 1894
Garden as expression of woman's role as nurturer of young life, flowers represent feminine beauty, garden = God's love for birth, growth, and death -
Columbian Exposition 1893
Led to the plan of Chicago in 1908. Effort to rationalize urban landscape -
John Muir forms the Sierra Club 1892. Failed to save Hetch Hetchy
Leading progressive conservationist. Tried to save Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite Nat. Park. Failed in 1913. Celebrated the 19th century romantic wilderness. Sublime without terror. Traveled to Yosemite in 1868 -
Pinchot and Roosevelt work together to transfer nations forests from Interior to USDA 1905
Also founded Yale Forestry School. Alliance between the two men raised forest acreage from 51-175 milion acres (Pinchot think Pinocchio and his long wooden nose. Wood=forests) -
The Fight for Conservation published by Pinchot 1909
advocated efficient use of resources, technocratic optimism; argued that nature was intend for human use as long as it's well managed, natural resources for defending national good; intense nationalism. "Greatest good for the greatest number for the longest time". -
San Francisco earthquake in 1906
Quake caused fire which lead to the finding a way to bring water to the city from Hetch Hetchy - desert to garden transformation -
William Ellsworth Smythe wrote The Conquest of Arid America 1905
supported government irrigation in the West -
Newland's Reclamation Act of 1902
Federal irrigaiton supported homestead-scale family farms, revolving fund finaced by farm payments -
Mabel Osgood Wright - author of Garden of a Commuter's Wife 1901
founder of the CT Autobon and conservationist as gardener -
Nature Study Movement 1900s
Women's most important work in conservation (besides the Autobon society) was this movement. Study of romantic nature in the classroom. Students would embrace nature and its creatures to explore human values: fables, moral lessons. Florence Holbrook wrote nature myths, fictional Indian stories with nature spirits Anna Botsford Comstock used a more scientific approach in the classroom but still searching for values. Married J.H. Comstock . Wrote Handbook of Nature Study in 1911 -
Research Methods in Ecology 1905
promoted transcent, biscect (roots), and quadrat to map co-occurance of species, led to a QUANTITATIVE approach to ecological research -
Owens Valley Aqueduct completed in 1913
Owens Valley and LA Aqueduct created (through the effort of Eato, Mulholland, and Lippincot) by property acquired in Owens River Valley in Sierra Nevada. Becaome cities main water supply - desert to garden transformation. Caused huge urban growth and agricultural growth -
Jacob Bigelow - Mt. Auburn Cemetary - Cambridge, Mass in 1913
Formed as a rural retreat in the city and pointed towards the creation of parks and arboretums in a suburban setting -
Ernest Thompson Seton - Boy Scouts 1910 and wolf man
wrote "King of Currumpaw" in 1894. Wild Animals I have known in 1896. Wolf stories about them struggling against odds, dying Founded the U.S. branch of Boy Scouts in 1910 -
Girl Scouts by Juliette Low in 1912-1915
emphasized domestic "feminine" values, nature as field for nurture and communal support more than competition -
National Defense Act 1916
Federal government provided capital (military expenditures) to build a hydroelectricity plant with energy-intensive industry (nitrates, aluminum, nuclear for weapons and fertilizer) at Muscle Shoals in Alabama (second most powerful source of hydro power after Niagara); question of public vs. private power, local vs. federal development -
Margaret Sanger - birth control - 1916
fought for birth control. Published Birth Control Review. Founded Planned Parenthood. Released to US market in 1960 -
Muscle Shoals controversy of 1920s
public vs. private power. northern Alabama, regional planning vs. particularistic development Nebraska Sen. George Norris was key promoter of hdyrdo development. Northern Democrats and Western and Midwestern Republicans supported public power. New England representatives opposed government comp with private -
1920s Erosion
Ecological, economic and social failure. Wasteful! Caused big floods of 1920s and deforesetation at rivers headwaters -
1920s and 30s marked the decades of town planning
Norris, TN and Radburn, NJ. saw creation of regional planning association of America -
Tennessee Valley Authority created in 1933
FEDERAL mandate for large-scale regional planning in 1933, championed by FDR, hydro development in Tennessee River (most eastern rainfall, great volume); social planning designed to modernize depressed farming region of eroded hill country and provide wage labor in constructions. -
CCC - Civilian Conservation Corps created in 1933
recruit young men to fight unemployment and supply labor for conservation measures. By 1939 it was booming. Moved around the country to create anit-erosion land, planting trees, building roads, and forming parks. -
Hugh Hammond Bennett 1933
wrote Soil Conservation -
Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck 1939
became popular account of "Okie" migration -
Alexander Hogue painter of 1930s
realist/regionalist painter, religious symbolism of crucified land, raping of the great plains, we did this (the dust bowl) to ourselves -
National Resources Board formed 1934
promote planning for conservation and protection and use of strategic minerals (military power) -
Dust Bowl 1934
overgrazing, land plowed too deep by dry farming techniques, WWI expansion had promoted massive investments in new land, tractors, equipment, and subsequent depression brought bankruptcy. Net result was that land was no longer protected by crop cover, open to winds How to fix it? Gov. intervention: shelterbelts, contour plowing. Reettlement Administation to relocate farms. The Resettlement Administration provided cheap land to move west through the New Deal (Fed. Gov) -
World Minerlas and World Peace published 1943 --- America's Needs and Reasources published 1947
dealing with acquiring of reasource and consumption in the post-war years -
Atomic bombs fall 1945
Trinity, Hiroshima, and Nagasaki. Nuclear weapons led to a whole new realm of planning. Complex prouction cycle geographically spread across the country. Bomb taught conservationists to think globally pointing towards environmentalism -
post-WWII neo-Malthusianism 1954
increase in growth rates after WWII "The Population Bomb" was published showed nuclear weapon as best available metaphor for population growth -
US tests Atomic Bomb in Pacific Ocean and Nevada 1951
In Nevada it caused massive exposure to neighboring areas. Massive sheep/cattle kills, elevated leukemia, Sr 90 accumulation in the soil, concentrated by cows in milk, child bones. Caused PUBLIC ANXIETY -
Nuclear bomb testing
1958 the vuluntary test was banned due to public anxiety
1961 the test recommences
1963 the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty was signed -
Paul R. Ehrlich's - The Population bomb
popultation as the central environmental problem