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Title IX Created
Title IX Of The Education Amendments of 1972 - No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance. -
Tower Amendment Rejected
Senator Tower proposes the “Tower Amendment,” which would exempt revenue-producing sports from determinations of Title IX compliance. The amendment is rejected. https://www.womenssportsfoundation.org/advocate/title-ix-issues/history-title-ix/history-title-ix/ -
Athletics Regulations
President Ford signs the Title IX athletics regulations and submits them for congressional review (pursuant to Section 431(d)(1) of the General Education Provisions Act).
https://www.womenssportsfoundation.org/advocate/title-ix-issues/history-title-ix/history-title-ix/ -
Congress Approves and Continues to Rejections Provisions
Congress reviews and approves Title IX regulations and rejects the following resolutions advanced to disapprove the athletics regulations: Many approvals were made with Title IX, but there were many rejections that continued to occur. -
NCAA challenges the Legality of Title IX
The NCAA challenges the legality of Title IX because statistics show that Men's sports bring in more revenues than Women's sports. -
Revenue-Prodcuing Sports in Title IX
Senators Tower, Bartlett, and Hruska introduce Senate Bill (S. 2106), proposing to exclude revenue-producing sports from Title IX coverage. The bill dies in committee before reaching the Senate floor. -
High School and Colleges must Comply
Deadline for high schools and colleges to comply with Title IX athletics requirements. High Schools and Colleges must comply with Title IX to stay eligible to compete within NCAA and be eligible for district-level sports. -
Athletic Scholarships
Grove City v. Bell limits the scope of Title IX, effectively taking away coverage of athletics except for athletic scholarships. The Supreme Court concludes that Title IX only applies to specific programs (i.e. Office of Student Financial Aid) that receive federal funds. Under this interpretation, athletic departments are not necessarily covered. -
The Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987
The Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 is enacted into law over the veto of President Ronald Reagan. This act reverses Grove City, restoring Title IX’s institution-wide coverage. If any program or activity in an educational institution receives federal funds, all of the institution’s programs and activities must comply with Title IX. -
Haffer vs. Temple University
Haffer v. Temple University Title IX athletics lawsuit won by plaintiff female athletes gives new direction to athletic departments regarding their budgets, scholarships, and participation rates of male and female athletes. -
Reports are Required
Sen. Mosley-Braun (S. 1468) and Rep. Collins (H.R. 921) sponsor the Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act (EADA), requiring that any co-educational institution of higher education that participates in any federal student financial aid program and that sponsors an intercollegiate athletics program must disclose certain information concerning its intercollegiate athletics program. Under the EADA, annual reports are required. -
Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act
All institutions of higher education must make available, to all who inquire, specific information on their intercollegiate athletics department, as required by the Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act. -
Women are as interested in sports as Men!
A federal appeals court upholds a lower court’s ruling in Cohen v. Brown University, holding that Brown University illegally discriminated against female athletes. Brown argues that it did not violate Title IX because women are less interested in sports than men. Both the district court and the court of appeals rejects Brown’s argument. Many of the arguments offered by Brown are similar to those relied upon by colleges and universities all over the country. -
Are Title IX Regulations Unconsitutiontal?
The National Wrestling Coaches Association, College Gymnastics Association, and the U.S. Track Coaches Association, along with several other groups representing male athletes and alumni of wrestling programs at Bucknell, Marquette, and Yale, filed suit alleging that Title IX regulations and policies are unconstitutional. -
Brentwood vs. Tennessee
The Supreme Court issues a decision in Brentwood v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Association, holding that a high school athletic association is a “state actor” and thus subject to the Constitution. This means, for example, that the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment applies to athletic associations in gender equity suits -
Commission on Opportinities in Athletics
The U.S. Secretary of Education Rod Paige announced the establishment of a Commission on Opportunities in Athletics. The stated purpose of the Commission is to collect information, analyze issues and obtain broad public input directed at improving the application of current Federal standards for measuring equal opportunity for men and women and boys and girls to participate in athletics under Title IX. The Commission will recommend to the Secretary, whether those standards should be revised. -
Title IX and Sexual Harassment and Sexual Violence
The Department of Education issued a policy guidance which made clear that Title IX’s protections against sexual harassment and sexual violence apply to all students, including athletes. It addresses athletics departments in particular when it requires schools to use the same procedures that apply to all students to resolve sexual violence complaints involving student athletes. -
Impact on Higher Education
Title IX had a major impact on Higher Education. It restricted many ways on how they can make money off of their male sports and prohibit women sports because of their lack of success. Title IX was put into affect to help women's sports get the recognition and get the same access as male sports. -
Predictions for the Future of this Policy
I believe the future of this policy is that Title IX will continue to get revisions and get more strict on colleges for equality to be made between men and women sports. This policy was put into affect to make awareness of how men sports receive much more funds and attention than women sports. With stricter policies and the needed equality in colleges, Title IX will ultimately have a positive affect on achieving social equality on sports in Higher Education. -
References
Title IX Info. (n.d.). History. Retrieved September 15, 2017, from http://www.titleix.info/History/History-Overview.aspx United States Department of Labor. (2003, January 02). Title IX, Education Amendments of 1972. Retrieved September 13, 2017, from https://www.dol.gov/oasam/regs/statutes/titleix.htm Women's Sports Foundation. (n.d.). History of Title IX. Retrieved September 15, 2017, from https://www.womenssportsfoundation.org/advocate/title-ix-issues/history-title-ix/history-title-ix/
