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Title IX of the Education Amendments is Enacted
Title IX was signed into law by President Richard Nixon, this law prohibited sex discrimination in all educational programs that receive any type of federal aid. -
Final Version of Title IX
The final version of Title IX is signed by President Gerald Ford and is submitted for congressional review. -
Congress reviews, approves, and rejects
Congress reviews and approves Title IX regulations and rejects some of the resolutions and bills that had been advanced in an attempt to disprove the athletics regulations. All high schools and colleges that were under federal assistance for athletics were given three years to comply and elementary schools were given one year. -
Deadline to Comply
Deadline for high schools and colleges to comply with Title IX athletics requirements. -
Final policy interpretation
The final policy interpretation on "Title IX and Intercollegiate Athletics" is issued. This policy focuses on each institution's obligation to provide equal opportunity and details the factors to be considered when assessing actual compliance. The "three-prong test" was also created which is still used today to gauge participation compliance. -
U.S. Department of Education
The U.S. Department of Education begins operation and is given oversight of Title IX through the Office for Civil Rights. -
Grove City v. Bell
Grove City v. Bell limits the scope of Title IX, this effectively takes away coverage of athletics expect for athletic scholarships. The Supreme Court concludes that Title IX only applies to specific programs (i.e., a school’s office of student financial aid) that receive federal funds. -
The Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987
The Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 is enacted into law over the veto of President Ronald Reagan.This act reversed Grove City v. Bell, restoring Title IX’s institution-wide coverage. Any program or activity in an educational institution that receives federal funds must comply with Title IX. -
Haffer v Temple University
Haffer v. Temple University, a Title IX athletics lawsuit is won by the plaintiff which gave female athletes new, stronger direction to athletic departments regarding their budgets, scholarships, and participation rates of male and female athletes. -
Investigator's Manual
The Title IX Athletics Investigator's Manual is created by Valerie Bonnette and Lamar Daniel. This manual is issued by the Office for Civil Rights and used to assist athletic departments with enforcement and compliance issues. -
Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools
In Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools, the Supreme Court ruled that monetary damages are available under Title IX. -
Gender Equity Study
The NCAA completes and publishes a landmark gender equity study of its Division I member institutions finding significant discrepancies in participation rates and funding between women’s and men’s athletic programs. It also shows that fewer than 50% of women’s teams have female head coaches, as do just 1% of men’s teams, and that “male/female salary discrepancies are significant in almost all instances. -
Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act
The Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act (EADA) is enacted which requires that an co-educational institution of higher learning that participates in any federal student financial aid program and that sponsors an intercollegiate athletics program must disclose certain information concerning its athletics program. It requires that annual reports be submitted for each institution, the first being due no later than October 1, 1996. -
Clarification of the three-prong test
The Office for Civil Rights issues a clarification of the three-prong test that states institutions may choose any one of thee independent tests to demonstrate they are effectively accommodating the participation needs of the underrepresented sex. -
EADA Information
All institutions of higher education must make available for the first time, to all who inquire, specific information on their intercollegiate athletics department, as required by the EADA. -
Dear Colleague Letter
The Office for Civil Rights issues a Dear Colleague letter which clarifies that a college or university's total athletic scholarship budget has to mirror the institution's percentage of athletes of each gender, within 1%. -
Brentwood v. Tennessee
The Supreme Court rules in Brentwood v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Association that a high school athletic association is a "state actor" and is therefore subject to the Constitution which confirmed that the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment applies to athletic associations in gender equity suits. -
Commission on Opportunities in Athletics
The Commission on Opportunities in Athletics is established with the purpose of "collect information, analyze issues and obtain broad public input directed at improving the application of current Federal standards for measuring equal opportunity for men and women and boys and girls to participate in athletics under Title IX.” -
Three-Part Test - Part Three
The “Additional Clarification of Intercollegiate Athletics Policy: Three-Part Test – Part Three” is issued which significantly weakens Title IX because schools can now send out an email survey to their female students, asking them what additional sports they might have the interest and ability in playing. If the survey responses do not show enough interest or ability, they do not have to add any sports and the institution is still compliant with Title IX. -
Policy Guidance
A policy guidance is issued reminding the aforementioned "Additional Clarification" and all documents related to it which includes the recommended survey. -
Another Policy Guidance
Another policy guidance is issued that makes it clear Title IX's protections against sexual harassment and sexual violence applies to all students. It also addresses that athletics departments in particular that schools use the same procedures that apply to all students to resolve sexual violence complaints involving student athletes. -
Another Dear Colleague Letter
Another Dear Colleague Letter is issued that reminds school districts, colleges, and universities that if they receive federal assistance they must have at least one employee assigned as their Title IX coordinator. -
Guidance for Transgender Students
The Education department and Department of Justice issues a guidance on protecting transgender students under Title IX. It outlines prohibiting of sex discrimination encompasses discrimination based on a student’s gender identity, including transgender status. In relation to athletics, schools are permitted to operate sex-segregated athletic teams, but they cannot adopt requirements that are based on stereotypes about differences between transgender students and cisgender students. -
Guidance Rescinded
The Office for Civil Rights rescinds the Title IX guidance on transgender students. -
Changes to Title IX
The Secretary of Education issues several changes to Title IX regarding sexual harassment and misconduct that threaten to discourage reporting by survivors. -
Executive Order 13988
President Joe Biden releases Executive Order 13988, “Preventing and Combating Discrimination on the Basis of Gender Identity or Sexual Orientation,” which states, “All persons should receive equal treatment under the law, no matter their gender identity or sexual orientation.” According to the order, laws that prohibit sex discrimination. -
Executive Order 14021
President Biden releases Executive Order 14021, “Guaranteeing an Educational Environment Free From Discrimination on the Basis of Sex, Including Sexual Orientation or Gender Identity.” It states the Biden Administration guarantees to all students “an educational environment free from discrimination on the basis of sex, including discrimination in the form of sexual harassment, which encompasses sexual violence, and including discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity,”.