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Council for Exceptional Children (CEC)
A group of educators and academic members from Teachers College, Columbia University, founded the Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) during the summer session. The council began with twelve members. The guidelines enabled special educators to master safe and successful techniques.The non-profit organization's mission is to improve educational outcomes for persons with exceptionalities. More information can be found at the website listed below. https://exceptionalchildren.org/ -
Brown v. Board of Education
Brown v. Board of Education is a landmark Supreme Court case that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional. Segregated schools are "inherently unequal" and violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Ended legal segregation in public schools, boosted the Civil Rights Movement, and affirmed the principle of equal access to education. -
PARC v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
PARC v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania was a landmark legal case in which the Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Citizens (PARC) successfully sued the state of Pennsylvania, establishing children with intellectual disabilities' right to a free, appropriate public education and taking a significant step toward ensuring equal access to education for all children, regardless of disability. The lawsuit helped to create essential principles in special education law. -
Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (Section 504)
Section 504 prohibits organizations and companies from excluding or denying people with disabilities equitable access to program benefits and services. It establishes the rights of people with disabilities to participate in and access program benefits and services. Section 504 applies to the federal government, its contractors, and any entity that receives federal financial support. This covers initiatives and activities in health care, public education, transportation, and other areas. -
TASH Organization Establishment (1975)
TASH is an international leader in disability advocacy.TASH advocates for human rights and inclusion for people with significant disabilities and support needs—those most vulnerable to segregation, abuse, neglect, and institutionalization.TASH works to advance inclusive communities through advocacy, research, professional development, policy, and information and resource. The organization later changed its name to "The Association for the Severely Handicapped(TASH). -
Education for All Handicapped Children Act (1975)
The Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 was a landmark federal law that required all public schools to provide "Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE)" to children with disabilities, including the development of individualized education programs (IEPs) and placement in the least restrictive environment possible. For more information, see the whole video below.
https://youtu.be/G4Xzvafi-Pgsi=BCRvYBfn7FSAJbJl -
Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)
The Americans with Impairments Act (ADA) of 1990 is a civil rights statute that protects people with impairments from discrimination in a variety of public settings. The ADA's goals include equal opportunity, full participation, and independent living. The ADA protects people who have a physical or mental disability that significantly limits one or more of their major living activities. This covers persons who have a history of such an impairment or are suspected of having one. -
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (1997)
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), a federal legislation, provides children with disabilities access to a free and adequate public education (FAPE).The IDEA stipulates that children with disabilities receive education in the least restrictive environment (LRE) practicable. Students with disabilities are educated in the regular classroom setting, with supports and assistance. IDEA gives federal funds to states and local educational agencies to help them comply with the law. -
No Child Left Behind Act (2001)
The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) was a federal law passed in 2001 that aimed to improve student achievement by requiring states to administer annual standardized tests in reading and math to students in grades 3-8, holding schools accountable for all student groups' progress, and providing consequences for schools that did not meet adequate yearly progress (AYP) targets, with the goal of ensuring every child reaches proficiency in basic academic skills by 2014. -
Every Student Succeeds Act (2015)
The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) is a federal law that oversees K–12 public education in the United States. The act is meant to empower families to support their children's learning while also providing all kids with a high-quality, well-rounded education that prepares them for long-term success. The four primary categories are access to learning opportunities centered on higher-order thinking abilities, numerous measures of equity, resource equity, and evidence-based intervention.