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Koenigspiel ("War Chess")
War games can be tracked back to the Roman times, where sand tables were used to play out war strategies. Christoph Weikmann created Koenigspiel, or War Chess. The game was used to train military personnel in "communication skills and the basics of military art and science" (Aebersold, 2016). -
Mrs. Chase
Martha Jenkins built the first mannequin for nurse training. "Mrs. Chase," as the doll was named, was used to teach nurses how to "dress, turn, and transfer patients." Today, we see advanced mannequin use in the medical field as well as in CPR/First Aid courses (Aebersold, 2016). Image from Digital Museums Canada Community Stories. -
Link Trainer
In the late twenties, Edwin Link developed the first flight simulator. It was an airplane model formed from wood and contained a standard cockpit control for the time. Driven by an electric motor, the simulator could pitch and roll while the pilot practiced with the control board and closely mimicked actual flight (Aebersold, 2016). Image from Britannica. -
Cockpit Resource Management (CRM)
NASA developed a training method for the airline industry known as Cockpit Resource Management (CRM), later named Crew Resource Management. The intent was to improve assertiveness of junior pilots. The training later expanded to include the whole flight crew and focused on situation awareness, team building, and error management (K, L. C.,2023). Image from AOPA. -
Gaba Adapts CRM for Anesthesiology Training
David Gaba adapts CRM for the Anesthesia Crisis Resource Management curriculum. The simulation-based program aimed to improve "the ability of anesthesiologists to manage crises" (Aebersold, 2016) (Martin, 2015). Image from Stanford Medicine. -
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Training and Consulting Companies Employ Simualations
Though an exact first-use or time is not well documented, the late 1990s brought about the start of regular simulation use in workplace training. Today, simulations are used commonly in the corporate and business fields (Larsen & Lomi, 1999).