HISTORY OF MUSIC

GREGORIAN CHANT

504

gregorian chant

Period: 504 to 604

Between 7th and 9th centuries.First compiler Gregory the Great.Characteristics:
·It has monophonic texture.
·It uses modal scales and in free time.
·The text is in latin.

Liturgical polyphony

800

SECULAR VOCAL MUSIC

800

The composer is known,it has a monophonic texture with instrumental accompaniment,it´s composed with modal scales and rhythmic modes,it was composed to entertain(about secular or religious topics) and in the vernacular,it was performed by minstrels in public spaces and in palaces.

Liturgical polyphony

Period: 800 to 1500

A second voice was added to plainsong and polyphony was born.
There are three froms:
·Organum
·Discantus
·Conductus

Guido d´Arezzo

992

Guido d´Arezzo

Period: 992 to 1050

He created the four-line stave,invented the Guidonian hand and gave the notes the names we still use today.

Hildegard von Bingen

1098

Hildegard von Bingen

Period: 1098 to 1179

She composed a total of 78 liturgical pieces of musicfor her congregation and the first surviving liturgical drama.

Carmina Burana

Period: 1100 to 1200

Is a scenic cantata based on 24 poems from the medieval collection.

Ars Antiqua

Period: 1101 to 1201

Refers to music developed between the 12th and 13th centuries,mainly by the schools in Santiago and Paris

Mensural notation

1200

This included the first symbols related to metre and assigned different note values depending on the duration of the note.

Goliards

1200

Were wondering clerics and mendicant students.Mny of them wrote poetry in latin,wich was often satirical or critical of the church.

Cantigas de Santa María

1200

They were written in songbooks from the reing of King Alfonso X the Wise.

IMITATIVE COUNTERPOINT

1300

It´s a type of polyphonic texture with several similar but independent melodic lines that imitate each other,starting one after the other.

HOMORHYTHMIC HOMOPONY

1300

It consists of several melodic lines that are played simultaneously,this are similar and all parts perform the same lirycs at the same time.

MELODY-DOMINATED HOMOPHONY

1300

In this texture ther is a main melodic line that can be identified clearly.The other parts perform the HARMONIC ACCOMPANIMENT.

RENAISSANCE MUSIC

1300

In this period the distinction between religious and secular music continued,characteristics
·It was composed for several parts.
·It was omposed using medieval modal escales.
·It had a defined rhythm.

RELIGIOUS VOCAL MUSIC

1300

MOTET:composition for two or three parts,each part with different lyrics and rhythm.
MASS:based on the fixed parts of the religious ceremony.
·CHORALE:based on pre-existing melodies sung in the vernacular.

Ars Nova

Period: 1301 to 1401

Refers to music developed between the 14th and 15th centuries,coinciding with mensural notation.

SECULAR VOCAL MUSIC

1400

In the Renaissace,the bourgeoisie contributed to its development.
·The madrigal was the dominant form,it described the feelings through the union of music and text.
·In England numerous songs for one voice with instrumental accompaniment were written.
·I n France the same from,chanson,for several voices with instrumental accompaniment were very popular.
·In Spain the main characteristics of secular vocal music were lyrics in Spanish and strong rhythms:
·Romance.
·Villancico.
·Ensalada.

INSTRUMENTAL FORMS

1400

·Compositions based on vocal music:instumentalists,who usually accompanied vocal pieces,used these as a base for instrumental works.
·Compositions with an improvisational feel:composers started to write down any brief iprovised pieces that were good musical quality.
·Variations:it consisted of the exposition of a short musical theme followed by some variations on it.

RENAISSANCE DANCES

Period: 1450 to 1470

Capture of Constantinople and the fall of the Byzantine Empire.(1453)
Marriage of Isabel of Castlle and Fernando of Aragon.(1469)
Invention of the printing press.(1450)
Death of Cosimo de´Medici(1464)
Birth of Erasmus of Rotterdam(1466)
Birth of Josquin des Prés.(1450)
Birth of Juan del Encina.(1468)

MODERN PERIOD

Period: 1453 to 1789

New social class:the bourgeoisie.Foundations of the modernstate.Science made huge advances and the division of the Church started the wars of religion.Artiss were influenced by humanism and they started to see art as an end in itself,they also tried to achieve an ideal form of beauty in their works.

RENAISSANCE DANCES

Period: 1470 to 1490

War of Succession for.(1475-1479)
The establishment of the Spanish Inquisition(1478)
Birth of Copernicus.(1473)
Jorge Manrique writes Coplas a la Muerte de su Padre.(1476)
The Cancionero de Palacio strts to be compiled(1475)
Birth of Mateo Flecha el Viejo.(1481)

RENAISSANCE DANCES

Period: 1490 to 1510

Christopher Columbus reaches America.(1492)
Conquest of the kingdom of Granada.(1492)
The exile of the Muslims and Jews.(1492)
First edition of La Celestina by Fernando de Rojas.(1499)
Leonardo da Vinci paints La Gioconda.(1503)
Birth of Cristóbal de Morales and Luis de Milán.(1500)
Ottaviano Petrucci publishes the first book of printed music.(1501)

Perfection of Liturgical Polyphony

1500

This form of musical expression became more and more complex,reached its maximum level.

RENAISSANCE DANCES

Period: 1510 to 1530

Reign of Carlos I of Spain.(1516-1556)
Holy Roman Emperor(1520-1558)
Martin Luther initites the Protestant Reformation.(1517)
Michelangelo finishes the Sistine Chapel(1512)
Birth of Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestina(1525)

RENAISSANCE DANCES

Period: 1530 to 1550

Francisco Pizarroconquers the Inca Empire.(1532)
Henry VIII establishes the Church of England.(1534)
Council of Trent and start of the Counter-Reformation.(1545)
Birth of El Greco.(1541)
Birth of Orlando di Lasso and Maddalena Casulana.(1544)
Birth of Antonio de Cabezón(1538)
Birth of Tomás Luis de Victoria.(1548)

Tomás Luis de Victoria

Period: 1548 to 1611

He was born in Avila and received his first music lessons there.At the age of 19 he travelled to Rome to complete his musical training with Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina,the most important composer at the time.In 1587,Victoria became chapel master to the Empress María of Austria in Madrid.He later worked as an organist at the Convent of Las Descalzas Reales.

RENAISSANCE DANCES

Period: 1550 to 1570

Reign of Felipe II of Spain(1556-1598)
Miguel Servet publishes his discoveries on blood circulation.(1553)
First edition of Lazarrillo de Tormes.(1554)
The Cancionero de Upsala is published.(1556)
Birth of Claudio Monteverdi.(1567)

RENAISSANCE DANCES

Period: 1570 to 1590

The Battle of Lepanto(1571)
Felipe II claims Portugal for the Spanish Cown.(1580)
Pope Gregory XIII introduces the Gregorian clendar.(1582)
Birth of Francisco Correa de Arauxo.(1584)
Publication of Orchésographe.(1588)

RENAISSANCE DANCES

1590

Reign of Felipe III of Spain.(1598-1621)
First edition of Hamlet by William Shakespeare.(1601)
First edition of Don Quijote by Miguel de Cervantes.(1605)
Galileo Galilei makes his first telescope.(1609)
John Dowland publishes his First Booke of Songs or Ayres.(1597)
Jacopo Peri composes Euridice.(1600)

Instrumental music

1600

Baroque music

Period: 1600 to 1750

It started with the appearance of opera an ended with the death of Johann Sebastian Bach.http://bit.ly/2qVa3JD

Basso continuo

Period: 1600 to 1750

In this period,both vocal and instrumental music was composed with the texture of melody-dominated homophony.https://www.youtube.com/redirect?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlymusicsources.com%2Fyoutube%2Fbc-1650-1700&redir_token=IWjn3sc4DNUa9P_hSeIFGAXJh9t8MTU0NzU0NTE3MkAxNTQ3NDU4Nzcy

The baroque orchestra

Period: 1600 to 1750

It consisted of all the instrument families,but was much smaller than it is today.Here are different sections:
Basso continuo,strings,wind,percussion.

INSTRUMENTAL FORMS

1730

https://study.com/academy/lesson/musical-forms-symphony-sonata-and-rondo-forms.html

Start of the FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

1730

MUSIC IN THE CLASSICAL PERIOD

1730

Characteristics:
3It was balanced,clear and bright.
·It aimed to find a musical language to express perfection and beauty.
·It used muical forms with well-define structures and smooth transitions between sections.
·It emphasised the melody.
·The use of a simple harmony.
·The use of melody-dominated homophony.

Death of DANIEL DEFOE

1731

Author of Robinson Crusoe

The Spanish REAL ACADEMIA DE LA HISTORIA is stablished

1735

VOLTAIRE

1746

He is included as a member of the French Academy.

Reign of FERNANDO VI

Period: 1746 to 1759

THE ORCHESTRA

1750

The harpsichord and the basso continuo stopped being used.It incorporated the clarinet,the French horn and the piano.The number of instruments in the bowed strings section increased which meant that an orchestra conductor was needed.

Encyclopédie and Nannerl Mozart

1751

Montesquieu

1755

Death of Montesquieu,a French thinker and politician of the Enlightenment.

Wolfgang Amdeus Mozart

1756

W.A.Mozart was born,he was an Austrian composer and pianist,he was one of the most influential musicians in the history of music.

SEVEN YEARS WAR

Period: 1756 to 1763

1756-W.A.Mozart was born

Reign of CARLOS III of Spain

Period: 1759 to 1788

OPERA

1760

Opera seria:mainly represented by Christoph Willibald Gluck,three-act sructure,mythological or historical plots,simple arias and more expressive recitatives.
Opera buffa:to entertain a wide audience who didn´t need to have musical knowledge.It used everyday situations for its plots,added comedy or romance and used a language that was easy to understand.
Religious vocal music:itwas in a gradual decline,although the Baroque musical forms were still practised mostly the requiem.

First performance of ORPHEUS and EURYDICE by Christoph Willibald Gluck

1762

STEAM ENGINE

Period: 1763 to 1776

James Watt invents it in 1763.

Invention of the SPINNING JENNY

1764

ESQUILACHE RIOTS in Madrid

1766

The riots were a response to the control used by a minister of the same name.They resulted in a change of government.

Luigi Boccherini starts his most prolific musical period in Spain

1769

Birth of Ludwig van Beethoven

1770

He was a musician from the trasition between the Classical and the Romantic period,and oe of the most important composers in the history of music

Signing of the UNITED STATES DECLARATION of INDEPENDENCE from the Kingdom of Great Britain

1776

Death of Jean-Jacques Rousseau

1778

He was a French thinker and author of The Social Contract

First edition of the CRITIQUE of PURE REASON by Immanuel Kant

1781

Death of Christoph Willibald Gluck

1787

He was a reformer of the Opera Seria.

Reign of Carlos IV of Spain

Period: 1788 to 1808

Start of the FRENCH REVOLUTION

1789

First French Constitution and first performance of The Magic Flute.

1791

Proclamation of the French First Republic and invention of Gas Lighting.

1792

Opening of the Louvre Museum and first performance of Requiem Mass.

1793

IMPRESSIONISM

1800

It started with paintings that attempted to capture reality in a subjective way,moving away from a realistic style.They used:
Musical atmospheres inspired by nature or unusual things.
Scales that evoked oriental music.
Imprecise melodic lines and free,irregular rhythm.
Timbres of dofferent instruments overlapping each other.

NEOCLASSICISM

1800

It was a reaction to the first avant-garde styles,it aimed for a return to Classical aesthetics.

EXPRESSIONISM

1800

It started in painting,during the First World War in Geramny.The main theme was people and their inner life but from a pessimistic point of view.Characteristics:
It used very strong rhythm.
Compositions were designed for small chamber ensembles.
The melodic line was lost in favour of the Sprechgesang.
It included strong dissonances.
It used atonality and the twelve-tone technique.

ATONALITY and the TWELVE-TONE TECHNIQUE

1800

Atonality is the use of non-tonal music that was full of dissonances that generated tension.
The twelve-tone technique was based on the use of the cromatic scale,it gave the same importance to all twelve notes.

Alessandro Volta invents the Electric Battery.

1801

Reign of Fernando VII of Spain.

Period: 1803 to 1833

Napoleon I Bonaparte is proclaimed Emperor of France

Period: 1804 to 1814

Birth of Juan Crisóstomo de Arriaga and death of Vicente Martín y Soler

1806

J.C.de Arriaga was known as `the Spanish Mozart´.
Vicente Martín y Soler was a composer of operas in the italian style.

First edition of Faust by Goethe.

1808

SPANISH WAR of INDEPENDENCE against the French Empire.

Period: 1808 to 1814

Death of Jean-Georges Noverre

1810

He was the creator of the modern ballet.

First Spanish Constitution.

1812

BATTLE of WATERLOO

1815

Napoleon Bonaparte is finally defeated in this battle.

Invention of the Metronome

1816

Invention of the Bicycle

1818

It was originally called The Velocipede.

COMPOSITIONS FOR PIANO

1820

The piano was the most important Romantic instrument.The piano developed technically and achieved a great expressive ability.Types of compositions:
·Short pieces for solo piano.
·Chamber music.
·Longer works.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Tr0otuiQuU

SYMPHONIC MUSIC

1820

Symphony orchestra appeared in the Romantic period.The wind section grew,incorporating instruments that weren´t in common use,the percussion section also grew.The symphony and the concerto stood out
·Programme music:aims to describe a programme inspired by extra-musical elements.
·Programme symphony:composition eith a descriptive character consisting of several movements.

OPERA,ZARZUELA AND LIED

1820

·Opera´s countries:Italy(bel canto and verismo).France(grand opéra and operetta).Germany(leitmotiv).
·Types of Zarzuela:zarzuela grande and género chico.
·Lied,means song in German.

ROMANTIC PERIOD

Period: 1820 to 1910

Main characteristics:
·Wanting to be free from Classical rules and express emotions.
·Aiming for virtuosity,mainly on piano and violin.
·Making the melody an important means of expression.
·Using a wider vocabulary on scores to show precise changes in dynamics.
·Using melody-dominated homophony with complex harmonies.
·Appearing in small musical forms designed for smaller venues.
·Aiming for unity in the piece of music by using resources like the repetition of musical ideas.

1820

Period: 1820 to 1830

·Revolutionary movements in Spain,Italy and Greece.
·End of the Spanish American wars of independence.
·Opening of the freight railway.
·Death of Francisco de Goya.
·Birth of Francisco Asenjo Barbieri.
·Death of Franz Schubert.

1830

Period: 1830 to 1840

·Liberal revolution in France.
·Reign of Isabel II of Spain.
·First Carlist War in Spain.
·Death of Goethe.
·Morse´s telegraph is exhibited.
·Composition of Fantastical Symphony.
·Birth of Johannes Brahms.

1840

Period: 1840 to 1850

·End of European Restoration.
·Start of the French Second Republic.
·Publishment of the Communist Manifesto.
·Death of Felix Mendelssohn.
·Death of Frédéric Chopin.

MUSICAL NATIONALISM

1848

They defended the languages and musical traditions of their countries of origin.It was particularly evident in countries where the musical influence of other nations was dominant.Most important countries:
·Russia
·Spain
·Hungary

1850

Period: 1850 to 1860

·Napoleon III is appointed Emperor of the Decond French Empire.
·PUblishment of Hard Times.
·Publishment of The Flowers of Evil.
·Publishment of Origin of Species.
·Formation of the group The Five.
·Deathy of Robert Schumann.

1860

Period: 1860 to 1870

·American Civil War and abolition of slavery in the United States.
·Birth of Miguel de Unamuno.
·Opening of the Suez Canal.
·Composition of The Blue Danube.
·Death of Gioachino Rossini.

1870

Period: 1870 to 1880

·French Third Republic.
·Unification of Italy and Germany.
·Reign of Alfonso XII of Spain.
·death of Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer.
·First telephone.
·Universal Exposition held in Paris.
·Composition of The Ring of the Nibelung.
·First performance of Carmen.

1880

Period: 1880 to 1890

·Reign of Alfonso XIII of Spain.
·The Second International is established.
·The first automobile is built.
·The Eiffel Tower is built.
·Birth of Béla Bartók.

1890

Period: 1890 to 1900

·Start of the Cuban War of Independence.
·First radio communication system.
·The patent of the cinematograph.
·First performance of La Verbena de la Paloma.
·Death of Adolphe Sax.

20th-CENTURY MUSIC

1900

Characteristics:
Pursuing novelty,experimentation and originality.
Searching for a new musical lenguage.
Exploring different ways of representing music.
Using new computer and instrumental resources.

1900

Period: 1900 to 1910

·First Moroccan Crisis.
·Formation of the Triple Entente.
·Death of Friedrich Nietzsche.
·Making of the first powered flight.
·Death of Giuseppe Verdi.
·Finishing of Iberia.

GENERACIÓN DEL 27

Period: 1927 to 1950

Spanish musicians soon started to accept the new avant-garde trends coming from Europe.
As a result of this,the Generación del 27 movement appeared,taking the same as its literary equivalent.

MUSIQUE CONCRÈTE

1950

It used sounds from their surroundings and then modified them with the latest technology.

ALEATORIC MUSIC

1950

Is a reaction to the rigid rules of the twelve-tone technique and was based on chance and the ability of the performers to improvise.

MUSIQUE CONCRÈTE

1950

It used sounds from their surroundings and then modified them with the latest technology.Process:
·First they recorded the sounds.
·Then they processed them in a recording studio.
·Finally,they edited them on a recording tape.

MINIMAL MUSIC

1950

It aimed to creat simple,direct music with minimal resources.

GENERACIÓN DEL 51

1950

In this year Spain started to become less isolated and exchange ideas qith the outside world more and more frequently.This is when de Generación del 51 appeared.

ALEATORIC MUSIC

1950

It appeared as a reaction to the rigid rules of the twelve-tone technique and was based on chance and the ability of the performers to improvise.

ELECTRONIC and ELECTROACUSTIC MUSIC

1950

Electronic music was produced entirely in a recording studio.
Electroacustic music combined the real sounds of musique concrète with other electronically-generated sounds.

ELECTRONIC AND ELECTROACUSTIC MUSIC

1950

Electronic: it was produced entirely in a recording studio.
Electroacustic: it combined the real sounds of musique concrète with other electronically-generated sounds.