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Design Reform
Was in full swing in Britain starting in the late 1940's and through the 1950's. -
John Ruskin (1819-1900)
Heavily influenced design as a writer, art critic and philosopher. Lobbied for hand crafting in a guild system of production. -
Horatio Greenough (1805-1852)
Believed that designs need to be constantly improved until they reach their "perfect" form. Once something meets its function, then it is beautiful. -
A. W. Pugin (1812-1852)
Believed hand-crafted Gothic Designs whose function, form, and materials should come together in a moral way, and that this made them beautiful. -
William Morris (1834-1896)
Major force in progressing the Design Reform and Arts & Crafts movements. Lobbied for honesty of materials in construction, and hand crafted furniture. -
The Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton
Home to the first world fair. New materials used were iron and glass construction. -
Henry Cole (1808-1882)
Published his False Principles of Design - believed design should follow function, and lobbied for accurate representations. -
William H. Hunt (1827-1910)
Painted The Awakening Conscience, which stood for everything that was wrong with British industrialism; instead of lavish homes, he lobbied for hand made goods. -
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The Arts & Crafts Movement
Began in Britain in the 1860's and expanded into the U.S. Demanded a return to honest craftsmanship. -
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The Aesthetic Movement
Was short lived and for the upper class. Gave rise to designers knowing what was good taste, and what was not. -
Sussex Side Chair (Morris)
Sturdy, simple, visible construction, and its hand-made design embodies the Arts & Crafts movement. -
Stair Hall, Olana, Hudson NY
By Frederic Edwin Church, characterized by exotic patterned decor from the Aesthetic movement. -
Acanthus Wallpaper (Morris)
The pattern is made using wooden blocks and natural dyes, and stamped by hand. (Arts & Crafts Movement) -
The Peacock Room
By James Whistler - embodies the Aesthetic movement - designers being hired to create busy rooms that are very patterned, with exotic influence from foreign countries. -
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Art Nouveau Movement
Revolutionized Design by incorporating organic and geometric forms into natural but elegant designs. Its aim was to close the gap between fine art and decorative art. -
Joseph Hoffman (1870-1956), Germany
Architect who used less ornamentation in his building designs, but instead used curved geometric designs that were devoid of any reference to history. -
Victor Horta (1861-1947)
Belgian architect and one of the founders of Art Nouveau. Had a goal to unify the disparities between fine art and the lesser arts. Was big on the honest use of materials mainly with iron, glass and stone. -
Emile Galle (1846-1904)
French glass designer prominent in the Art Nouveau style. He believed in craftsmanship with a focus on asymmetric, natural, and free organic forms in his designs.He employed many artisans to try and emulate mass production of crafted glass. -
(1905) Stoclet Palace in Brussels (Hoffman & Moser)
This work serves as foreshadowment of the Art Deco movement. Consistent with Art Nouveau, it is viewed as a total work of art. -
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Early Modernists
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Adolph Loos
Made major contributions to design with his ideals of the removal of excess ornamentation from objects, which would then advance the cultural progress of society. -
Le Corbusier
French architect and designer, and originator of the international style. He lobbied for large, rational, zoned, and industrially-built cities; giving way to the 1916 zoning laws of NYC. -
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
A German-American designer and leader of what becomes the International style. Lobbied for an open space architecture for interior spaces, that allows room for many people to move about. -
Frank Lloyd Wright
Gave prominence to the Prairie Style of architecture, and a big proponent of organic modernism. Was the embodiment of many of the movements from the late 19th century to the mid 20th century. Invented new uses and styles from new tech, materials, and techniques throughout his time. -
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Frank Lloyd Wright's accomplishments
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Robie House dining room
Open Floor plan, honest use of materials in construction, decorative design, and furniture embodies Wright's Prairie style. Features no grand entrance as you have to search through nature to find your way in. The interior features indoor variety of vertical space. -
1934 - Fallingwater; Mill Run, PA
Encapsulates Wright's organic architectural style that would develop during the 1940's in America. Open spaces that are situated in nature and part of the surrounded environment. -
1936 - Johnson & Son Administration Workroom
Wrights contribution during the industrial design and streamlining and streamlining movements. Open interior space where employees work in a large room that offers plenty of natural light inside gives a work in nature vibe. -
World War 1 (1914-1918)
The response to this war by designers was an emphasis on making the world better (leading into modernists view), and led to questions asking whether the machine was good or even controllable (the machine age). -
1916 Zoning Resolution
NYC was divided into what it resembles today, and required high-rise buildings to be stepped back to allow for better air and light flow. -
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Bauhaus
A school of collaboration looking to reform design through studying the issues inherent in previous designs. Heavily responsible for training the architects that would bring the ideals of prefabrication during the 1940's in America. -
Walter Gropius (1883-1969)
A pioneer of the Bauhaus school, and its collaborative approach to working out the problems of modern design, and deliver a better and mass-produced product. -
Marcel Breuer (1902-1981)
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European Art Deco
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Jacques-Emile Ruhlmann
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1928 Lacquer Screen (Eileen Gray)
High-end materials, the exotic (Japanese) influence, and use of abstracted geometries embodied the European art deco style. -
Paris Exposition
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Josephine Baker
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Grand Salon in the Hotel d’un Collectionneur
designed by Ruhlmann. Inspired by the let us drink and be merry attitudes that flourished during the european art deco movement. -
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American Art Deco
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Donald Desky
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The Museum of Modern Art (MOMA)
A tastemaker that picks up on what the Bauhaus was doing, and transitions it into the International style in America. Fetishized the functioning of the machine as having beautiful aesthetic qualities. -
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The Great Depression
The stock market crash put America and a lot of the world in a state of economic shock. -
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Industrial Design and Streamlining
During the depression, design becomes about hope. The future is dependent of designing products that people will want to buy, thus bringing an influx of spending to the economy. -
Josiah Wedgwood (1730-1795)
Well ahead of his time, his ideas were of major influence in the 20th century. He developed new ways of doing production with an emphasis on perfect consistency at the lowest price. -
Henry Ford (1863-1947)
Pioneer in the automobile industry. He took Wedgwood's ideas of manufacturing to invent the assembly line. -
Christine Frederick (1883-1970)
Applied Ford's assembly line idea to the domestic. She revolutionized what the kitchen is supposed to be with her streamlined design. -
World War 2 (1939-1945)
Impacted design in that it introduced its war-tech materials and technologies that were then used and applied to domestic and corporate designs, like aluminum, rubber and different glues. -
New York's World Fair
Is about building the world of tomorrow. Design became focused on corporations, commerce and capitalism. -
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Postwar and Organic Modernism
The end of WW2 places America as a major force in design. A period marked by democracy, capitalism, prosperity, and consumption in the U.S. The beginnings of the American Dream ideals. -
Phillip Johnson (1906-2005)
A pioneer in furthering machine art as having good aesthetic qualities. Believed that if something perfectly fulfills its function, then it is aesthetically beautiful. -
1934 MOMA Exhibition (Johnson)
Gave Machine Art aesthetics prominence. Qualities of the machine became art with no excess added, but the idea that these objects fulfill their function and this is beautiful. -
MOMA Exposition (Organic Modernism)
Ideas that there is a harmonious organization of the parts of an object as it relates to the whole. -
Ludwig Mies (1886-1969)
A founder of the International style in Germany, which was picked up in the U.S. His Steel and Glass aesthetic would help define what is Modern throughout the world. -
Charles and Ray Eames
Designs were recognized as what it is to be American. An informal lifestyle, culture, living in modernity, and making use of new materials. -
Seagram Building (Johnson & Mies)
Skyscrapers made use of newest materials: Steel high beams and plate glass. Clean and spare design speaks of the post war era. Steel beams on the outside use as decoration, and celebrates machine art. -
Union Carbide Offices (Knoll)
By Florence Knoll, major contribution on what the interiors should be for the high rise office buildings in NY. Exemplary of the sleek, geometric, rectilinear designs that took place. -
Berlin Wall erection
Represented a physical manifestation of the current division between capitalism and communism. -
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Pop and Post-Modernism
Big change in American society with the coming of age of the baby boomer generation. A time to right old wrongs through peace and prosperity. -
Civil Rights Movement
Important times for the advancement of the rights of minorities, women, gays, and lesbians. Gives way for multiplicity and pluralism in design, no one right way of doing things. Rise of a counter culture and the individual's freedom of expression. -
Eero Aarnio (1932-present) Ball Chair
A rethinking of how Americans should pass their fun leisure time in the 1960's. Constructed of new materials from American industrialism such as plastic and fiberglass. Came in many different colors, a theme of the pop movement. -
The Beatles - Yellow Submarine
This film exemplifies the pop culture movement. Rock and Roll, youth culture, and the drug culture of the 1960's impacted design. -
Sacco by Gatti, Paolini, & Reodoro
A rebellious way to sit, this chair design leaves all references to the past behind. Lightweight, easily movable, loud colors, no leg design exemplifies the pop culture movement.