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Jan 1, 1300
Glasses
The art of grinding lenses is developed in Italy and spectacles are made to improve eyesight. -
1st Microscope
Dutch lens grinders Hans and Zacharias Janssen make the first microscope by placing two lenses in a tube. -
Studies cork with Microscope
Robert Hooke studies various object with his microscope and publishes his results in Micrographia. Among his work were a description of cork and its ability to float in water. -
Simple Microscope
Anton van Leeuwenhoek uses a simple microscope with only one lens to look at blood, insects and many other objects. He was first to describe cells and bacteria, seen through his very small microscopes with, for his time, extremely good lenses. -
Improvements on microscope
Several technical innovations make microscopes better and easier to handle, which leads to microscopy becoming more and more popular among scientists. An important discovery is that lenses combining two types of glass could reduce the chromatic effect, with its disturbing halos resulting from differences in refraction of light. -
Good Magnification
Joseph Jackson Lister reduces the problem with spherical aberration by showing that several weak lenses used together at certain distances gave good magnification without blurring the image. -
Maximum Resolution
Ernst Abbe formulates a mathematical theory correlating resolution to the wavelength of light. Abbes formula make calculations of maximum resolution in microscopes possible. -
ultramicroscope
Richard Zsigmondy develops the ultramicroscope and is able to study objects below the wavelength of light. -
Phase Contract microscope
Frits Zernike invents the phase-contrast microscope that allows the study of colorless and transparent biological materials. -
Elecrton Microscope
Ernst Ruska develops the electron microscope. The ability to use electrons in microscopy greatly improves the resolution and greatly expands the borders of exploration. -
Scanning tunneling microscope
Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer invent the scanning tunneling microscope that gives three-dimensional images of objects down to the atomic level.
