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4000 BCE
Primitive Times
- Illnesses caused by demons/punishment from gods
- Witch doctors treated with ceremonies
- Herbs for medicine (morphine)
- Trepanation or trephining (surgically removing part of skull)
- Average life span 20 years
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3000 BCE
Ancient Egyptians
- Physicians = Priests
- Leeches used for medical treatment
- Average lifespan 20-30 years
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1700 BCE
Ancient Chinese
- Cure the body by curing the spirit
- Medication based on herbs
- Began searching for medical causes of illness
- Average life span 20-30 years
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1200 BCE
Ancient Greeks
- Hippocrates (father of medicine)
- Observations leading to modern medical sciences
- Believed illness is result of natural casues
- massage, art therapy, herbal treatment
- diet and exercise to help prevent disease
- Average lifespan 25-35 years
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753 BCE
Ancient Romans
- First to organize medical care by treating injured soldiers
- Hospitals religious and charitable institutions in convents
- Sewers and aqueducts to get rid of fecal matter in streets
- Galen said the body is regulated by 4 humors
- blood
- phlegm
- black bile
- yellow bile
- Average life span 25-35 years
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400
Dark Ages
- Save the soul, studying medicine prohibited
- Prayer used as treatment
- Monks and Priests provide custodial care
- Herbs for medication
- Average life span 20-30 years
-
800
Middle Ages
- Greek and Roman medical practices
- 1100 - must earn medical licenses
- 1346-1353 - Bubonic plague killed 75% of Europe and Asia
- 1220-1255 - Medical Universities established
- Average lifespan 20-35 years
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1350
Renaissance
- Science of Medicine
- Dissections led to better understanding of anatomy and physiology
- 1440 - printing press allowed information to be shared
- 1543 - First anatomy book published by Andreas Vesalius
- Average life span 30-40 years *Cause of disease still a mystery
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1500
16th and 17th Centuries
- Knowledge of human body greatly increased
- 1500's - Ambroise Pare establish use of ligatures to stop bleeding
- 1600's - Apothecaries made, prescribed, and sold medications
- 1670 - Invention of microscope allowing physicians to see disease causing organisms... HUGE advancement
- Cause of disease still not known, many deaths from infection
- Average life span 35-45 years
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18th Century
- 1714 - Gabriel Fahrenheit created first mercury thermometer
- 1760 - Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals
- 1778 - John Hunter established scientific surgical procedures and introduced tube feeding
- 1789 - Smallpox vaccine
- Average life span 40-50 years
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19th Century
- Discoveries of microorganisms, anesthesia, and vaccinations lead to lots of advancement
- 1895 - X-Ray Machine Developed
- 1893 - First open heart surgery
- Infraction control developed once microorganisms were associated with disease
- 1816 - Invention of stethoscope
- 1860 - Formal training for nurses began
- Women became active participants on health care because the men were fighting in war and getting injured so the women were nurses
- Average life span 40-60 years
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20th Century - RAPID GROWTH IN HEALTH CARE
- 1901 - ABO blood groups discovered
- Discover white blood cells protect against disease
- New medications developed
- 1922 - Insulin discovered and used for diabetes
- 1928 - Antibiotics developed to fight infections (penicillin)
- Machines!
- 1943 - Kidney Dialysis Machine
- 1953 - Heart Lung Machine
- Surgical and diagnostic techniques developed to cure once fatal conditions
- 1953 - Structure of DNA discovered and research in gene therapy begins
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20th Century - CONTINUED
- 1956 - First bone marrow transplant (initiated embryonic stem cell research)
- 1978 - Test tube babies
- Organ Transplants
- 1960 - Kidney
- 1963 - Liver
- 1967 - Heart
- 1982 - Artificial Heart
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21st Century
- 2001 - First implantable artificial heart placed in a patient in Louisville, Ky. In
- 2003 - Human Genome Project Completed (Mapped out human diseases in an effort to get a handle on genetic and autoimmune diseases)
- 2005 - Face Transplants (not the whole face)
- Vaccines!
- 2006 - HPV (prevent cervical cencer)
- 2015 - Malaria and Ebola